That such deficiencies existed within Ptolemy's theory was not discovered de novo by Copernicus.

A credulousness, a distaste for documentation, an uncritical reliance on contemporary accounts, and a proneness to assume a theory as true before adequate proof was provided were all evidences of his failure to comprehend the use of the scientific method or to evaluate the responsibilities of the historian to his reading public.

J. T. Shotwell was appalled by such spurious history as that which attributed the fall of the Carolingian empire to the woolen trade, and he urged Adams to `` transform his essay into a real history, embodying not merely those facts which fit into his theory, but also the modifications and exceptions ''.

that theory was and is sound.

He proposed a fresh theory of alkalis which later was accepted in chemical practices.

It was not always easy to develop theory and doctrine which would square the two conditions.

In this connection, it might be noted that the theory of games was a mathematical discovery long before its uses in political science were exploited.

To find a place for them in their theory of knowledge would require them to revise the theory radically, and yet that theory was what they regarded as their most important discovery.

On the theory before us, such relief would be groundless, for in that suffering itself there was nothing bad at all, and hence in its nonoccurrence there would be nothing to be relieved about.

In these circumstances, since what was expressed by the remark when first made is, on the theory before us, simply absent, the remark now expresses nothing.

( P. 215 ) when corporate abuses were attacked, it was done on the theory that criminal penalties would be invoked rather than control.

Lincoln stated Douglas's popular sovereignty theory was a threat to the nation's morality and that Douglas represented a conspiracy to extend slavery to free states.

During the 1670s corpuscularianism was used by Isaac Newton in his development of the corpuscular theory of light.

( Despite common belief, he did not take a day from February ; see the debunked theory on month lengths ) According to a Senatus consultum quoted by Macrobius, he chose this month because it was the time of several of his great triumphs, including the conquest of Egypt.

" Karpov acknowledged that his understanding of chess theory was very confused at that time, and wrote later that the homework which Botvinnik assigned greatly helped him, since it required that he consult chess books and work diligently.

" The first well-known version of anarcho-capitalism was formulated by Austrian School economist and libertarian Murray Rothbard in the mid-twentieth century, synthesizing elements from the Austrian School of economics, classical liberalism, and nineteenth century American individualist anarchists Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker ( rejecting their labor theory of value and the normative implications they derived from it ).

The prime evidence for this theory was provided by a descendant of Clarke.

It was the prospect of bowling at this line-up that caused England's 1932 – 33 captain Douglas Jardine to adopt the tactic of fast leg theory, also known as Bodyline.

Jardine insisted that the tactic was legitimate and called it " leg theory " but it was widely disparaged by its opponents, who dubbed it " Bodyline " ( from " on the line of the body ").

Confucianism was particularly strong during the Han Dynasty, whose greatest thinker was Dong Zhongshu, who integrated Confucianism with the thoughts of the Zhongshu School and the theory of the Five Elements.

At the beginning, it was considered a sort of Taoist sect, and there was even a theory about Laozi, founder of Taoism, who went to India and taught his philosophy to Buddha.

Although originally controversial, the axiom of choice is now used without reservation by most mathematicians, and it is included in ZFC, the standard form of axiomatic set theory.

Charles Darwin proposed the theory of universal common descent through an evolutionary process in On the Origin of Species, twice stating the hypothesis that there was only one progenitor for all life forms and ending with " There is a grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one ".

Kekulé, A. S. Couper, A. M. Butlerov, and Hermann Kolbe, building on the theory of radicals, developed the theory of valency, originally called " combining power ", in which compounds were joined owing to an attraction of positive and negative poles.

One theory is that it originally derives from the Latin word macula, meaning " spot " or “ opacity ” ( as in macula of retina ).

This theory was originally supported by James Clerk Maxwell, who had predicted this force.

Rogers originally developed his theory to be the foundation for a system of therapy.

The most celebrated single question in the field, the conjecture known as Fermat's Last Theorem, was solved by Andrew Wiles but using tools from algebraic geometry developed during the last century rather than within number theory where the conjecture was originally formulated.

This proved to be a fertile approach, which later mathematicians adapted to many other fields of mathematics besides the theory of equations to which Galois originally applied it.

Although, originally, educational measurement methods were built on classical test theory, item response theory and Rasch models are now used extensively in educational measurement worldwide.

Cantor's theory of transfinite numbers was originally regarded as so counter-intuitive — even shocking — that it encountered resistance from mathematical contemporaries such as Leopold Kronecker and Henri Poincaré and later from Hermann Weyl and L. E. J. Brouwer, while Ludwig Wittgenstein raised philosophical objections.

Fred Shapiro thinks that " the common theory that ' hacker ' originally was a benign term and the malicious connotations of the word were a later perversion is untrue.

The first refers to a theory of regional integration originally proposed by Stanley Hoffman.

The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia advanced a theory of Assyriologists like Friedrich Delitzsch ( and of Marcello Craveri ), that shabbat originally arose from the lunar cycle in the Babylonian calendar containing four weeks ending in Sabbath, plus one or two additional unreckoned days per month.

The theory hypothesized the existence of very long-run macroeconomic and price cycles, originally estimated to last 50 – 54 years.

Labyrinth is a word of pre-Greek ( Minoan ) origin absorbed by Classical Greek and is perhaps related to the Lydian labrys (" double-edged axe ", a symbol of royal power, which fits with the theory that the labyrinth was originally the royal Minoan palace on Crete and meant " palace of the double-axe "), with-inthos meaning " place " ( as in Corinth ).

Leninism was composed as and for revolutionary praxis, and originally was neither rigorously proper philosophy nor discrete political theory.

The concept of natural selection was originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of heredity ; at the time of Darwin's writing, nothing was known of modern genetics.

Although originally expressed in Newton's third law, the conservation of linear momentum also holds in special relativity ( with a modified formula ) and, with appropriate definitions, a ( generalized ) linear momentum conservation law holds in electrodynamics, quantum mechanics, quantum field theory, and general relativity.

The repeated reference in the Gnostic texts of Mary as being loved by Jesus more than the others has been seen as supporting the theory that the Beloved Disciple in the canonical Gospel of John was originally Mary Magdalene, before being later redacted in the Gospel.

The concept of natural selection was originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of heredity ; at the time of Darwin's writing, nothing was known of modern genetics.

The theory was originally formulated in a 1992 lecture at the American Enterprise Institute, which was then developed in a 1993 Foreign Affairs article titled " The Clash of Civilizations?

The blade element theory ( BET ) is a mathematical process originally designed by William Froude ( 1878 ), David W. Taylor ( 1893 ) and Stefan Drzewiecki to determine the behaviour of propellers.

The BCS theory was set on a firmer footing in 1958, when Bogolyubov showed that the BCS wavefunction, which had originally been derived from a variational argument, could be obtained using a canonical transformation of the electronic Hamiltonian.