In 1799 all special tolls were abolished, and in 1802 the poll tax was removed.

Death tolls were high.

For instance, electors were granted a monopoly over all mines of gold, silver, and other metals within their territories, to tax Jews, to collect tolls, and to mint money ; these powers belonged to the Emperor in the other territories, and princes who wrongly assumed them could be deprived of their status.

Much of the original British road system was poorly maintained by thousands of local parishes, but from the 1720s ( and occasionally earlier ) turnpike trusts were set up to charge tolls and maintain some roads.

Among the points of contention are whether the victims of massacres such as the Račak massacre and Srebrenica massacre were unarmed civilians or armed resistance fighters, whether death and rape tolls were inflated, and whether prison camps such as Sremska Mitrovica camp were sites of mass war crimes.

They were not universally popular, however, as tolls were charged for their use, to recoup the capital cost, and this was resented on rivers where barge traffic had previously been free.

Companies were formed to build, improve, and maintain a particular section of roadway, and tolls were collected from users to finance the enterprise.

Shortly after the events of 1523 in Strängnäs, a letter patent was issued to Lübeck and its allied Hanseatic cities, who now were freed from tolls when trading in Sweden.

For one thousand years, from 800 AD to 1800 AD, tolls were collected from pancake ships sailing on the Rhine River in Europe.

The Holy Roman Emperor and the various noblemen and archbishops who were authorised to levy tolls seem to have worked out an informal way of regulating this process.

Among the decisions involved in managing the collection of tolls on the Rhine were:

While this decision process was made no less complex by being informal, common factors included the local power structure ( archbishops and nobles being the most likely recipients of a charter to collect tolls ), space between toll stations ( authorized toll stations seem to have been at least five kilometres apart ), and ability to be defended from attack ( some castles through which tolls were collected were tactically useful until the French invaded in 1689 and levelled them ).

In contrast, the men who came to be known as robber barons () violated the structure under which tolls were collected on the Rhine either by charging higher tolls than the standard or by operating without authority from the Holy Roman Emperor altogether.

Writers of the period referred to these practices as " unjust tolls ," and not only did the robber barons thereby violate the prerogatives of the Holy Roman Emperor, they also went outside of the society's behavioural norms, since merchants were bound both by law and religious custom to charge a " just price " for their wares.

Japanese ultra-nationalists have strongly disputed such death tolls, with some stating that only several hundred civilians were killed during the massacre.

It was at this time that the tolls were also removed.

Unlike states where tolls or bonds funded highway construction, California's gasoline taxes were earmarked for building the system.

In 1851 the Lancaster Canal leased the tolls on the southern end to the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in return for an annual rent, and this agreement was made permanent in 1864.

As the tolls dropped, Perrott leased the Lower river to the Worcester and Birmingham Canal company from 1830 until 1851.

Regular dividends at 7 per cent were paid to the shareholders from 1718, and the navigation was leased to various groups, who would be responsible for collection of tolls and repairs.

The canal was leased to several generations of the Ellison family, who profited from the tolls but failed to maintain it.

At that time the market was leased to F. B. Phillips who agreed to surrender his lease in 1898 subject to receiving the market tolls for one year without charge.

In Bangladesh and India tolls on bridges and roads and dues from public properties such as lakes and forests are often leased to private persons or firms.

For much of its life the canal was leased by the Chaplin family who were able to run it at something of a profit with estimated tolls getting as high as £ 5000 a year in the late 1820s.

There are a few private highways in the United States, which use tolls to pay for construction and maintenance.

In most parts of England the plate-rail was preferred, and it was used on the Surrey Iron Railway, from Wandsworth to West Croydon, which, sanctioned by parliament in 1801, was finished in 1803, and like the Lake Lock Rail Road was available to the public on payment of tolls, previous lines having all been private and reserved exclusively for the use of their owners.

Publicly owned infrastructure may be paid for from taxes, tolls, or metered user fees, whereas private infrastructure is generally paid for by metered user fees.

Instead they charged private operators tolls to use the canal.

These roads were part of the early private turnpike system, which was served by a toll gate to collect tolls.

From 1869 onwards the MBW acquired all the private bridges crossing the River Thames and freed them of tolls.

Improvements were made to the river from 1424, with tolls being levied to compensate the landowners, and in 1571, there were riots after the extension of the River was promoted in a private bill presented to the House of Commons.

In October 2007, Novaroute, a private firm, revealed a plan to construct a two-story tunnel bridge under the Saint Lawrence River that would also collect tolls based on the time period.

The financing is via a build-operate-transfer system by Lusoponte, a private consortium which receive the first 40-year of tolls of both Lisbon bridges.

Their responsibility was limited to highways, bridges and tolls in Duval County until 1971, when the Jacksonville Transportation Authority was formed by a merger of the Jacksonville Expressway Authority with several private bus companies.

The concessionaire was Lusoponte, a private consortium formed to build the Vasco da Gama Bridge at zero-cost to the public finances in exchange for tolls from both bridges.

Additionally the residents paid for a private police force, to collect tolls and protect property.

However, the Eastern Harbour Crossing is owned by a private company, therefore, the Government of Hong Kong cannot control the tolls there.

An example of decommodification would be the removal of tolls from a toll road or the internet before becoming mostly supported by private ISPs.

The previous bridges were all owned by private companies established to build bridges and pay them off via tolls collected.

These banks would lend money like regular banks, with funding coming from the federal government or the private sector, and they would be repaid through such means as highway tolls or taxes.

Highway 6 is the first Israeli BOT road constructed, carried out mainly by the private sector in return for a license to collect tolls on the highway for a given number of years.