There has been a tendency on the part of many American linguists to assume that a phonemic transcription will automatically be the best possible orthography and that the only real problem will then be the social one of securing acceptance.

This alphabet has influenced development of orthographies of many African languages ( serving " as the basis for the transcription " of about 60, by one count ), but not all, and discussions of harmonization of systems of transcription that led to, among other things, adoption of the African reference alphabet.

The magazine has since excised the article from subsequent editions of the Illustrated History book ; a transcription of it can be found at the link below ( despite his scathing view of Young's career, Marsh gave the album the highest possible rating ).

* cI binding to the P < sub > L </ sub > operator is very similar, except that it has no direct effect on cI transcription.

A 5 ' cap ( also termed an RNA cap, an RNA 7-methylguanosine cap, or an RNA m < sup > 7 </ sup > G cap ) is a modified guanine nucleotide that has been added to the " front " or 5 ' end of a eukaryotic messenger RNA shortly after the start of transcription.

After transcription has been terminated, the mRNA chain is cleaved through the action of an endonuclease complex associated with RNA polymerase.

U3 is a sequence between PPT and R, which has signal that provirus can use in transcription.

It has been speculated that the RNA to DNA transcription processes used by retroviruses may have first caused DNA to be used as genetic material.

For example, the transcription factor FEV ( aka Pet1 ) has been shown, through its role in maintaining the serotonergic system in the brain, to be required for normal aggressive and anxiety-like behavior.

The loss of the orchestral score has prevented the modern revival of this work, whose fresh and catchy melodies can nevertheless be discovered in the transcription for voice and piano.

Much of the attention on production of proinflammatory cytokines has focused on the IKK-beta / NF-kappa-B pathway, a protein network that enhances transcription of inflammatory markers and mediators that can cause insulin resistance.

In the Japanese language, the sea has no traditional Japanese name despite its close location to the Japanese territories and is called Ohōtsuku-kai ( オホーツク海 ), which is a transcription of the Russian name.

Atypically for a King novel, it has no chapters, double-spacing between paragraphs, or other section breaks ; thus the text is a single continuous narrative which reads like the transcription of a spoken monologue.

* 1984 – Dmitry Sitkovetsky, transcription for string trio ( he has also made an arrangement for string orchestra )

In the first part, the events which led to the downfall of Granada are related with uncommon brilliancy, and Pérez de Hita's sympathetic transcription of life at the Emir's court has clearly suggested the conventional presentation of the picturesque, chivalrous Moor in the pages of Mlle de Scudéry, Mme de Lafayette, Châteaubriand and Washington Irving.

Augustín Estrada Monroy published a fascimile edition in the 1970s and Ohio State University has a digital version and transcription online.

This has to be taken with care especially where they are published as a translation of the original Latin or Old English into modern language, without a transcription of the original.

Whether the Sir2 homologues in higher organisms have any role in lifespan is unclear, but the human SIRT1 protein has been demonstrated to deacetylate p53, Ku70, and the forkhead family of transcription factors.

In Internet English shorthand and on forums and blogs, the transcription " pbbbt " has come to be used to mean blowing a raspberry.

While transcription of prokaryotic protein-coding genes creates messenger RNA ( mRNA ) that is ready for translation into protein, transcription of eukaryotic genes leaves a primary transcript of RNA ( pre-mRNA ), which first has to undergo series of modification to become a mature mRNA.

In this way a great deal has been learned in recent years about the mechanochemical coupling in the enzymes responsible for muscle contraction, transport in the cell, energy generation ( F1-ATPase ), DNA replication and transcription ( polymerases ), DNA unknotting and unwinding ( topoisomerases and helicases ), and so on.

Although experiments with the complete conversion of Chinese to the pinyin alphabet failed, it remains in common use and has become the transcription system of the government of Singapore, the United Nations, and the International Organization of Standardization.

Transcription has some proofreading mechanisms, but they are fewer and less effective than the controls for copying DNA ; therefore, transcription has a lower copying fidelity than DNA replication.

The cAMP produced by AC then serves as a regulatory signal via specific cAMP-binding proteins, either transcription factors or other enzymes ( e. g., cAMP-dependent kinases ).

Opinion differs as to whether the composition of the poem is contemporary with its transcription, or whether the poem was composed at an earlier time ( possibly as one of the Bear's Son Tales ) and orally transmitted for many years, and then transcribed at a later date.

DIG molecules are often linked to uridine nucleotides ; DIG-labelled uridine ( DIG-U ) can then be incorporated into RNA probes via in vitro transcription.

# Q protein then binds and displaces part of the σ factor and transcription re-initiates.

The term is sometimes used to refer only to protein translation but more often it refers to a multi-step process, beginning with amino acid synthesis and transcription of nuclear DNA into messenger RNA, which is then used as input for translation.

In the case of a transcription factor binding site, then there may be a single sequence that binds the protein most strongly under specified cellular conditions.

However, retroviruses function differently-their RNA is reverse-transcribed into DNA, which is integrated into the host cell's genome ( when it becomes a provirus ), and then undergoes the usual transcription and translational processes to express the genes carried by the virus.

The idea of reverse transcription was very unpopular at first as it contradicted the central dogma of molecular biology which states that DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into proteins.

They copy themselves in two stages, first from DNA to RNA by transcription, then from RNA back to DNA by reverse transcription.

In eukaryotes, transcription factors ( like most proteins ) are transcribed in the nucleus but are then translated in the cell's cytoplasm.

The process first requires analysis of existing music, and then rewriting ( and often transcription ) for an instrumentation other than that for which it was originally intended.

The unfolded structure allows gene regulatory proteins and RNA polymerase complexes to bind to the DNA sequence, which can then initiate the transcription process.

Here is an example of a normal Chinese sentence, then what it would look like with spaces between words, then a pinyin transcription ( in which words are normally divided ), and finally an English translation:

A master recording was cut, then electroplated to produce a stamper from which pressings in vinyl ( or, in the case of transcription discs pressed before about 1935, shellac ) were molded in a record press.

Calcineurin then dephosphorylates the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T-cells ( NFATc ), which moves to the nucleus of the T-cell and increases the activity of genes coding for IL-2 and related cytokines.

If the gene transcribed encodes a protein, the result of transcription is messenger RNA ( mRNA ), which will then be used to create that protein via the process of translation.

If such detail is less important, perhaps because the analyst is more concerned with the overall gross structure of the conversation or the relative distribution of turns-at-talk amongst the participants, then a second type of transcription known as broad transcription may be sufficient ( Williamson, 2009 ).

The promoter is recognized by RNA polymerase, which then initiates transcription.

These activator proteins interact with the mediator complex, which recruits polymerase II and the general transcription factors which then begin transcribing the genes.

The final element of this transcription, then, remains obscure, thought there is certainly a good chance that the first portion does correspond to a form related to Old Japanese Fime.

* General transcription factors These transcription factors position RNA polymerase at the start of a protein-coding sequence and then release the polymerase to transcribe the mRNA.