As neutrons continue to pass through the silicon, more and more phosphorus atoms are produced by transmutation, and therefore the doping becomes more and more strongly n-type.

Building upon the nuclear transmutation experiments by Ernest Rutherford, carried out several years earlier, the laboratory fusion of heavy hydrogen isotopes was first accomplished by Mark Oliphant in 1932.

In the second volume of the first edition of Principles Lyell explicitly rejected the mechanism of Lamark on the transmutation of species, and was doubtful whether species were mutable.

Frederick Soddy ( 2 September 1877 – 22 September 1956 ) was an English radiochemist and monetary economist who explained, with Ernest Rutherford, that radioactivity is due to the transmutation of elements, now known to involve nuclear reactions.

It needed careful work by Soddy and Rutherford to prove that atomic transmutation was in fact occurring.

For Cuvier, this was related to another principle of his, the conditions of existence, which excluded the possibility of transmutation of species.

" And this food is called among us Εὐχαριστία Eucharist ... For not as common bread and common drink do we receive these ; but in like manner as Jesus Christ our Saviour, having been made flesh by the Word of God, had both flesh and blood for our salvation, so likewise have we been taught that the food which is blessed by the prayer of His word, and from which our blood and flesh by transmutation are nourished, is the flesh and blood of that Jesus who was made flesh .”

A longtime goal of the alchemists was the transmutation of base metals into precious metals.

According to the BMDO, the research on neutral particle beam accelerators, which was originally funded by the SDIO, could eventually be used to reduce the half-life of nuclear waste products using accelerator-driven transmutation technology.

The political and theological implications were intensely debated, but transmutation was not accepted by the scientific mainstream.

While he was researching, he told many people about his interest in transmutation without causing outrage.

In about 150, Justin Martyr wrote of the Eucharist: " Not as common bread and common drink do we receive these ; but in like manner as Jesus Christ our Savior, having been made flesh by the Word of God, had both flesh and blood for our salvation, so likewise have we been taught that the food which is blessed by the prayer of His word, and from which our blood and flesh by transmutation are nourished, is the flesh and blood of that Jesus who was made flesh.

Boyle was an alchemist ; and believing the transmutation of metals to be a possibility, he carried out experiments in the hope of achieving it ; and he was instrumental in obtaining the repeal, in 1689, of the statute of Henry IV against multiplying gold and silver.

It was not originally displayed as an overt act in itself but was instead used secretly to create illusions such as a disappearance or transmutation.

This later indeed proved to be possible, although it was eventually to be the first artificial nuclear transmutation reactions in the 1930s, using cyclotrons, that proved a successful test of Einstein's theory regarding mass-loss with energy-loss.

From this premise, it was reasoned that the transmutation of one metal into another could be affected by the rearrangement of its basic qualities.

In the 11th century, there was a debate among Muslim world chemists on whether the transmutation of substances was possible.

A leading opponent was Avicenna ( Ibn Sina ), who discredited the theory of transmutation of substances, stating, " Those of the chemical craft know well that no change can be effected in the different species of substances, though they can produce the appearance of such change.

Cuvier was critical of the evolutionary theories proposed by his contemporaries Lamarck and Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, which involved the gradual transmutation of one form into another.

Imprisoned by Augustus as an incentive to hasten his research, Böttger was obliged to work with other alchemists in the futile search for transmutation and was eventually assigned to assist Tschirnhaus.

26th, Mr. Edward Kelly cam to Trebona from Prage ”), and according to Dee ’ s diary it was during this time that Kelley is said to have performed his first alchemical transmutation ( on December 19, 1586 ).

The first 98 elements have been detected directly on Earth as primordial nuclides present from the formation of the solar system, or as naturally-occurring fission or transmutation products of uranium and thorium.

This was his first recorded expression of his doubts about species being immutable, which led to him being convinced about the transmutation of species and hence evolution.

* Sir John Cockcroft, joint recipient of the 1951 Nobel Prize in Physics for pioneering work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles, was elected as the first president in 1967, though he died suddenly ten days later.

Advances in paleontology, led by William Smith saw the recording of the first fossil records that showed the transmutation of species.

These points convinced Darwin that transmutation of species must be occurring, and in his Red Notebook he jotted down his first evolutionary ideas.

It was reading Vestiges in 1845 that first inclined Alfred Russel Wallace to believe that the transmutation of species occurred.

Wallace made the following comments on the concept of transmutation of species as described in Vestiges in a letter to Henry Bates a few months after first reading it:

An Anomalous Effect in Nitrogen ’ – an article describing no less than the first artificial transmutation of an element.

If the ion energy is sufficiently high ( usually tens of MeV ) to overcome the coulomb barrier, there can even be a small amount of nuclear transmutation.

The element is not changed to another element in the process ( no nuclear transmutation is involved ).

In contrast to the conceptions of the Gaia theorists, or the promoters of cyberspace, Vernadsky's noosphere emerges at the point where humankind, through the mastery of nuclear processes, begins to create resources through the transmutation of elements.

Fission is a form of nuclear transmutation because the resulting fragments are not the same element as the original atom.

Natural processes which produce trace radioisotopes include cosmic ray bombardment of stable nuclides, ordinary alpha and beta decay of the long-lived heavy nuclides, Thorium-232, Uranium-238, and Uranium-235, spontaneous fission of natural Uranium-238, and nuclear transmutation reactions induced by natural radioactivity, such as the production of Plutonium-239 and Uranium-236 from neutron capture

Subsequent chemical and particle analysis of the target material may give insight into nuclear transmutation of the elements used in the target.

Deviations from the ( evolving ) galactic average, locally-sampled around the time that the sun's nuclear burning began, can generally be accounted for by mass fractionation ( see the article on mass-independent fractionation ) plus a limited number of nuclear decay and transmutation processes.

All of these processes result in nuclear transmutation.

The two W bosons are best known as mediators of neutrino absorption and emission, where their charge is associated with electron or positron emission or absorption, always causing nuclear transmutation.

After 2004, its main use was investigation of transmutation of nuclear waste while also generating some electricity.

Fast neutrons have an advantage in the transmutation of nuclear waste.

* Phénix, 1973, France, 233 MWe, restarted 2003 at 140 MWe for experiments on transmutation of nuclear waste for six years, ceased power generation in March 2009, though it will continue in test operation and to continue research programs by CEA until the end of 2009.

KEK's main function is to provide the particle accelerators and other infrastructure needed for high-energy physics, material science, structural biology, radiation science, computing science, nuclear transmutation and so on.

Subcritical reactors have been proposed both as a means of generating electric power and as a means of transmutation of nuclear waste, so the gain is twofold.

For future waste management, a few transmutation devices could be integrated into a large-scale nuclear program, hopefully increasing only slightly the overall costs.

( Tc-99 and Iodine-129 are also candidates for nuclear transmutation to stable isotopes by neutron capture.

However, the IFR's positive void coefficient could be reduced to an acceptable level by adding technetium to the core, helping destroy the long-lived fission product technetium-99 by nuclear transmutation in the process.

An example is the nuclear transmutation of carbon-12 to carbon-13.

ANSTO also manufactures Radiopharmaceuticals and performs commercial work such as silicon doping by nuclear transmutation.