While usually trying cases in appeal in third instance ( as is normally the case in the Eastern Catholic Churches ), or even in second instance if appeal is made to it directly from the sentence of a tribunal of first instance, it is also a court of first instance for cases specified in the law and for others committed to the Rota by the Roman Pontiff.

The Vehmic courts, Vehmgericht, holy vehme, or simply Vehm, also spelt Feme, Vehmegericht, Fehmgericht, are names given to a " proto-vigilante " tribunal system of Westphalia active during the later Middle Ages, based on a fraternal organisation of lay judges called “ free judges ” ( or ).

In Australia they are also called Community Treatment Orders and last for a maximum of twelve months but can be renewed after review by a tribunal.

Cameron had also been a member of the Nuremberg medical tribunal in 1946 – 47.

On this square, there also is the Palais Rusca, which also belongs to the justice department ( home of the tribunal de grande instance ).

* There was also a secret trial before a military tribunal of a group of Red Army commanders, including Mikhail Tukhachevsky, in June 1937.

Since the local tribunal of Magdeburg thus also became the superior court for these towns, Magdeburg, together with Lübeck, practically defined the law of northern Germany, Poland and Lithuania for centuries, being the heart of the most important " family " of city laws.

A good example are the many administrative boards such as the New York City Traffic Violations Bureau, a minor tribunal that deals with traffic violations where the adjudicator also functions as the prosecutor and questions the witnesses ; he or she also renders judgment and sets the fine to be paid.

It also specifies that when there is any doubt whether a combatant belongs to the categories in article 4, they should be treated as such until their status has been determined by a competent tribunal.

The break from tradition under the newer demerit points-based tribunal system ( i. e. a player being ineligible despite not having served a suspension ) has also been criticised as confusing.

Jakob Stämpfli was also member of the international tribunal that had to decide on the Alabama Claims in 1871.

Germany also agreed to sign arbitration conventions with France and Belgium and arbitration treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, undertaking to refer disputes to an arbitration tribunal or to the Permanent Court of International Justice.

The tribunal also was grossly unfair.

He was also a supreme judge of appeal ; in cases which were brought before his court from a lower tribunal there was no further appeal to the Emperor.

" The tribunal claimed his later actions were " so provocative that, in our view, he was also endeavouring to recreate hostilities.

Many Maori also see this proposal as a retrograde step, both by removing an impartial tribunal to which they have hitherto been able to appeal, and by cutting another link with the Crown.

On the same day he also approved the Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East ( CIMTFE ), which prescribed how it was to be formed, the crimes that it was to consider, and how the tribunal was to function.

The editor was also brought before a military tribunal.

The League also set up a tribunal to arbitrate disputes.

In July 2012 Djanogly also revealed plans to tailor employment tribunal fees to encourage businesses and workers to mediate or settle a dispute rather than go to a full hearing from summer 2013.

It has also been suggested that where a tribunal hearing concerns the individual's reputation or right to livelihood, there is a greater need for allowing legal representation as this vindicates the idea of equality before the law.

Effective March 8, 2008, the benchers of Convocation, who also serve as adjudicators at discipline hearings and corporate directors at Convocation, voted to begin publishing tribunal decisions wherein impugned members successfully defended themselves at hearings.

If a party is dissatisfied with the finding of such a tribunal, one generally has the power to request a trial " de novo " by a court of record.

The Supreme Court of Virginia has stated that '" This Court has repeatedly held that the effect of an appeal to circuit court is to " annul the judgment of the inferior tribunal as completely as if there had been no previous trial.

# Direct contempt is that which occurs in the presence of the presiding judge ( in facie curiae ) and may be dealt with summarily: the judge notifies the offending party that he or she has acted in a manner which disrupts the tribunal and prejudices the administration of justice.

Under the " independent tribunal " requirement, the Court has ruled that military judges in Turkish state security courts are incompatible with Article 6.

: " Previous research has argued that the innocence problem is minimal because defendants are risk-prone and willing to defend themselves before a tribunal.

Section 1 ( 4 ) has effect in relation to proceedings in the Court of Justice of the European Communities as it has effect in relation to a judicial proceeding in a tribunal of a foreign state.

The Supreme Court of Virginia said this in Santen v. Tuthill, 265 Va. 492 ( 2003 ), about the practice of an appeal from district court trial de novo to circuit court: " This Court has repeatedly held that the effect of an appeal to circuit court is to ' annul the judgment of the inferior tribunal as completely as if there had been no previous trial.

The issue must be presented to an international tribunal or arbiter ( usually specified in the treaty itself ) to legally establish that a sufficiently serious breach has in fact occurred.

" Afterwards, during a formal inquiry of the events, Polenin speaks highly of Captain Vostrikov, and rebukes the convened tribunal for the hostile interrogations of both Vostrikov, and the radiation afflicted crew, even going so far as to say: " None of you ... none of you ... has the right to judge Captain Vostrikov.

Each tribunal has a distinct cultural and historical flavor which affects play.

If there is a question of whether a person is a lawful combatant, he ( or she ) must be treated as a POW " until their status has been determined by a competent tribunal " ( GCIII Article 5 ).

In Canadian administrative law, whether an individual has standing to bring an application for judicial review, or an appeal from the decision of a tribunal, is governed by the language of the particular statute under which the application or the appeal is brought.

The Latin word basilica ( derived from Greek, βασιλική στοά, Royal Stoa, the tribunal chamber of a king ), has three distinct applications in modern English.

The tribunal has jurisdiction over genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes, which are defined as violations of Common Article Three and Additional Protocol II of the Geneva Conventions ( dealing with war crimes committed during internal conflicts ).

So far, the tribunal has finished 50 trials and convicted 29 accused persons.

After a " competent tribunal " has determined that an individual detainee is an unlawful combatant, the " detaining power " may choose to accord the detained unlawful combatant the rights and privileges of a prisoner of war as described in the Third Geneva Convention, but is not required to do so.

If there is any doubt about whether a detained alleged combatant is a " lawful combatant " then the combatant must be held as a prisoner of war until his or her status has been determined by " a competent tribunal ".

But in all Commonwealth jurisdictions — as distinguished from its American counterpart — it has evolved into a general remedy for the correction of plain error, to bring decisions of an inferior court or tribunal or public authority before the superior court for review so that the court can determine whether to quash such decisions.

When the court, before whom the matter is pending, has ceased to exist, in that condition too, the writ of prohibition will not lie because there can be no proceedings upon which it can operate but on the other hand, if the court is functioning, the writ can be issued at any stage of the proceeding before the inferior court or tribunal.

It has a tribunal of first instance.

As head of the civil service in Wales, Morgan's administration has been faced with a number of legal issues including an employment tribunal when the service dismissed blogger Christopher Glamorganshire in the Autumn of 2007, and a civil court action from Christine Davies after an accusation of sexual harassment from a senior manager was ignored.