On the occasion Van Leeuwenhoek presented the tsar an " eel-viewer ", so Peter could study the blood circulation, whenever he wanted.

The Cossacks supported the tsar and autocracy, but they wanted a tsar that responded to the needs of the people and not just those of the upper class.

The tsar wanted to die like a monk.

M. de Giers was exactly what he wanted, and accordingly the tsar not only appointed him minister of foreign affairs on the retirement of Prince Gorchakov in 1882, but retained him to the end of his reign in 1894.

* November 23 – A group of 1, 500 Old Believers immolate themselves to avoid capture when troops of the tsar lay siege to their monastery on Lake Onega.

Unlike his father, the new tsar Alexander III ( 1881 – 1894 ) was throughout his reign a staunch reactionary who revived the maxim of " Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and National Character ".

On 15 January 1856 the new tsar took Russia out of the war on very unfavorable terms which included the loss of a military fleet on the Black Sea.

Elizabeth I sent a new ambassador, Giles Fletcher, the Elder, to demand Boris Godunov to convince the tsar to reconsider.

A group of boyars, unwilling to swear allegiance to the new tsar, seized control of the Kremlin and arrested him.

On the morning of, a group of officers commanding about 3, 000 men assembled in Senate Square, where they refused to swear allegiance to the new tsar, Nicholas I, proclaiming instead their loyalty to Constantine and the Constitution.

The rallying of the Russian nation round the throne of the new tsar, Michael Romanov, dissipated, once for all, this ambitious dream.

The new tsar appointed him the head of the embassy he sent to Ragusa ( now Dubrovnik, Croatia ) at the end of July 1361, to negotiate peace between the Empire and the Ragusan Republic during the hostilities that started earlier that year.

Tsar Dušan suddenly died in 1355 at the age of about 47, and was succeeded by his 20-year-old son Stefan Uroš V. Lazar remained a stavilac at the court of the new tsar.

The tsarina and the tsar enjoyed the egg so much that Alexander III ordered a new egg from Fabergé for his wife every Easter thereafter.

The new tsar, Alexander III, actually blamed the riots themselves on the Jews, and punished them by enacting new laws, the " May Laws ", which restricted their freedoms even further.

The same tsar also renovated some of his grandfather's palaces, added a new palace and cathedral for his sons, and endowed the Trinity metochion inside the Kremlin.

The Kremlin's liberation by the volunteer army of prince Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin paved the way for the election of Mikhail Romanov as the new tsar.

Shuisky seized power and was elected tsar by an assembly composed of his faction, but the change did not satisfy the Russian boyars, Commonwealth magnates, Cossacks, or the German mercenaries, and soon a new impostor, likewise calling himself Dmitri, son and heir of Ivan the Terrible, came forward as the rightful heir.

Pozharsky and Trubetskoy presided over the Muscovite government for half a year, until a new tsar was elected by the Zemsky Sobor, whereupon Pozharsky was made a boyar and Trubetskoy was honoured even more highly.

That same year he assisted the tsar in launching a new harbour in Revel.

The young king decided to press his brother's claim to the Russian throne even after the Poles had been expelled from Moscow by a patriotic uprising of 1612 and Mikhail Romanov had been elected a new tsar.

A new law provided that the tsar would choose his own successor, but Peter failed to do so before his death in 1725.

A group of officers commanding about 3, 000 men refused to swear allegiance to the new tsar, Alexander's brother Nicholas, proclaiming instead their loyalty to the idea of a Russian constitution.

Imperial Russia had just sworn in a new tsar, Alexander I, in 1801 and the empire was very eager to control neighboring territories as the tsar was determined to expand.

On 20 June Dmitriy made his triumphal entry into Moscow, and on 21 July he was crowned tsar by a new patriarch of his own choosing, the Greek Ignatius.

At first the new tsar tried to consolidate his power by visiting the sepulchre of Tsar Ivan and the convent of his widow Maria Nagaya, who accepted him as her son.

Patriarch Job of Moscow, who did not recognize him as the new tsar, was sent to exile.

The tsar also gave the Stroganovs permission to expand into the territory along the Tobol and Irtysh Rivers which belonged to the Muslim leader Kuchum Khan.

Although he contributed a great deal to European knowledge of Russia, he also contributed to a spelling confusion which did not emerge until the end of the 19th century and still causes disagreement: he recorded the spelling of tsar as czar.

Syrjänkorkee also impressed the Russian tsar, Grand duke of Finland, Alexander I in 1819.

He also elevated Bulgaria to the status of a kingdom, and proclaimed himself tsar, or king.

# " Grand Duke " is also the usual and established translation in English and French of the Russian courtesy title Velikiy Knjaz ( Grand Prince ) of Russia, which from 17th century belonged to members of the family of the Russian tsar, although under the Russian despotism, those grand dukes were not sovereigns.

* Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, the last Bulgarian tsar before the Communist government, also prime minister from 2001 – 2005

Kaloyan the Romanslayer (), Ivan II ( Иван II, also Йоан II, Ioan II, ), ruled as emperor ( tsar ) of Bulgaria 1197 – 1207.

The Byzantine historian from 13th century Theodor Scutariota named Kaloyan " the Bulgarian Ioan " or " Bulgarian basileus " and wrote about " Bulgarians ", " Bulgarian land ", " Bulgarian matters "; also he defined Ivan Asen I as " tsar of the Bulgarians ".

During the time of the Second Bulgarian Empire it was also contested by Bulgarian and Byzantine forces and enjoyed particular prosperity under Bulgarian tsar Ivan Alexander ( 1331 – 1371 ) until it was conquered by Crusaders led by Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy in 1366.

Instead, Brâncoveanu gathered Wallachian troops in Urlaţi, near the Moldavian border, awaiting for Russian troops to storm into his country and offer his services to the tsar, while also readying to join the Ottoman counter-offensive in the event of a change in fortunes.

In the course of the siege he had risen from the rank of lieutenant-colonel to that of lieutenant-general, and had also been made aide-de-camp to the tsar.

Velikiy knjaz is also a Russian courtesy title for members of the family of the Russian tsar ( from the 17th century ), although those grand princes were not sovereigns.

Ermac also changed the involvement of the tsar in Siberian affairs.

Once back at Gottorp, Olearius became librarian to the duke, who also made him keeper of his cabinet of curiosities, and induced the tsar to excuse his ( promised ) return to Moscow.

With Seba as an intermediate, Frederik Ruysch, a well-known Amsterdam physician and anatomist, also sold his collection to the tsar.

Ivan II (, or Йоан II, Ioan II, also styled inconsistently Ivan IV or Ioan IV ), reigned as emperor ( tsar ) of Bulgaria from 1298 to 1299.

Jovan Nenad ( also Jovan the Black or Tsar Jovan Nenad ; ; c. 1492 – 26 July 1527 ) was a 16th-century military commander of Serb mercenaries in the Kingdom of Hungary who took advantage of a Hungarian military defeat in the Battle of Mohács and subsequent struggle over the Hungarian throne to carve out his own state and styled himself emperor ( tsar ), ruling over a short-lived area.

Kvyatkovsky was also incriminated with planning two assassination attempts on the tsar on April 2, 1879 and February 5, 1880.

Shiryaev was also accused of planning to murder the tsar on November 19, 1879.

Peter and part of the mission also went to England for 3 months, where the tsar conducted negotiations with William III of England, acquainted himself with shipbuilding, visited shipyards and artillery plants, and recruited foreign specialists.

At 25 January 1831 Polish Parliament deposed tsar Nicholas I of Russia ( also grand master of this Polish Order ) from the throne of Poland.

Ivan Asen I ( also in Romanian Ioan Asan I, in English John Asen I ) () ruled as emperor ( tsar ) of Bulgaria 1189 – 1196.

The tsar also frequently appointed the colonels of each regimental district.