The content theory includes the hierarchy of needs from Abraham Maslow and the two-factor theory from Herzberg.

Frederick Herzberg's two-factor theory, a. k. a. intrinsic / extrinsic motivation, concludes that certain factors in the workplace result in job satisfaction, but if absent, they don't lead to dissatisfaction but no satisfaction. The factors that motivate people can change over their lifetime, but " respect for me as a person " is one of the top motivating factors at any stage of life.

To this end, a 1957 study compared the relative effectiveness of three different psychotherapies in treating alcoholics who had been committed to a state hospital for sixty days: a therapy based on two-factor learning theory, client-centered therapy, and psychoanalytic therapy.

Though the authors expected the two-factor theory to be the most effective, it actually proved to be deleterious in outcome.

The authors note two-factor theory involves stark disapproval of the clients ’ “ irrational behavior ” ( p. 350 ); this notably negative outlook could explain the results.

The mere-exposure effect has been explained by a two-factor theory that posits that repeated exposure of a stimulus increases perceptual fluency which is the ease with which a stimulus can be processed.

Perceptual fluency, in turn, increases positive affect Studies showed that repeated exposure increases perceptual fluency, confirming the first part of the two-factor theory.

However, Herzberg added a new dimension to this theory by proposing a two-factor model of motivation, based on the notion that the presence of one set of job characteristics or incentives lead to worker satisfaction at work, while another and separate set of job characteristics lead to dissatisfaction at work.

In 1968 Herzberg stated that his two-factor theory study had already been replicated 16 times in a wide variety of populations including some in Communist countries, and corroborated with studies using different procedures that agreed with his original findings regarding intrinsic employee motivation making it one of the most widely replicated studies on job attitudes.

Critics of Herzberg's theory argue that the two-factor result is observed because it is natural for people to take credit for satisfaction and to blame dissatisfaction on external factors.

* Frederick Herzberg two-factor theory

# REDIRECT two-factor theory

Schachter & Singer ( 1962 ) The two-factor theory of emotion, or Schachter – Singer theory, states that emotion is a function of both cognitive factors and physiological arousal.

The misattribution study tested the two-factor theory of emotion.

This theory has helped support Schachter & Singer ’ s concept of the two-factor theory.

In the 1950s and 1960s he carried out numerous experiments on rats but also on other species such as octopus ; the two-factor theory of discrimination learning that he developed with Nicholas Mackintosh was an important step in the rehabilitation of a cognitive approach to animal learning after the dominance of strict behaviourism in the first half of the twentieth century.

SecurID, now known as RSA SecurID, is a mechanism developed by Security Dynamics ( later RSA Security and now RSA, The Security Division of EMC ) for performing two-factor authentication for a user to a network resource.

There are drawbacks to two-factor authentication that are keeping many approaches from becoming widespread.

This type of definition does not necessarily relate to two-factor authentication, since the secret key used in a challenge-response authentication scheme can be simply derived from a password ( one factor ).

Smartphone push two-factor authentication has the capability to not only be more user-friendly, but also more secure as a mutually-authentication connection can be established to the phone over the data network.

Typically, a user must activate his smart card by entering a personal identification number or PIN code ( thus providing two-factor authentication ).

Schemes that implement two-factor authentication, by comparison, are growing in use.

The UniMate TRRS and USB DUAL-Enabled token increases flexibility by enabling people to leverage the security benefits of two-factor authentication in either a computer or a smart phone.

A 2008 survey of over 120 U. S. credit unions by the Credit Union Journal reported on the support costs associated with two-factor authentication.

* Attackers breached the servers of RSA and stole information that could be used to compromise the security of two-factor authentication tokens used by 40 million employees ( register. com, 18 Mar 2011 )

Inglehart's two-factor solution took the form of Ferguson's original Religionism and Humanitarianism dimensions ; Inglehart labelled them " secularism – traditionalism ", which covered issues of tradition and religion, like patriotism, abortion, euthanasia and the importance of obeying the law and authority figures, and " survivalism – self expression ", which measured issues like everyday conduct and dress, acceptance of diversity ( including foreigners ) and innovation, and attitudes towards people with specific controversial lifestyles such as homosexuality and vegetarianism, as well as willingness to partake in political activism.

This two-factor approach, as some have also called it, provides a balanced definition that seems to be capable of dealing with limits of defining self-esteem primarily in terms of competence or worth alone.

At lower levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, such as physiological needs, money is a motivator, however it tends to have a motivating effect on staff that lasts only for a short period ( in accordance with Herzberg's two-factor model of motivation ).

With two-factor authentication, something the user ' has ' is also used ( e. g. a security token or ' dongle ', an ATM card, or a mobile phone ); and with three-factor authentication, something the user ' is ' is also used ( e. g. a fingerprint or retinal scan ).

An alternative option available to users interested in using Steam Guard is two-factor, risk-based authentication, through the use of a one-time verification code sent to a verified email address associated with the Steam account.

Disconnected tokens are the most common type of security token used ( usually in combination with a password ) in two-factor authentication for online identification.

GoldKey Tokens with Flash combine the same two-factor authentication features of GoldKey with up to 64GB of built-in encrypted flash storage – all in the same tiny package.

The Russian player starts the game with a three-factor worker unit in Moscow, and two-factor worker units in Leningrad, Kiev, Kharkov and Stalino ( the latter three will probably be lost to German attacks ), but receives nine more worker units ( all but one of them single-factor ) over the first year or so of the war.

As a result of challenges with integration and user acceptance, true two-factor authentication is not yet widespread, although it can be found in certain sectors requiring additional security ( e. g. banking, military ).

Faced with regulatory two-factor authentication guidelines in 2005, numerous U. S. financial institutions instead deployed additional knowledge-based authentication methods, such as shared secrets or challenge questions, only to discover later that such methods do not satisfy the regulatory definition of " true multifactor authentication ".

Often, strong authentication is associated with two-factor authentication or more generally multi-factor authentication.

uses two-way ( two-factor ) analysis.

This " two-factor " model is often credited to O. Hobart Mowrer.

To prevent this, two-factor authentication can be used.

When elements representing two factors are required for identification, the term two-factor authentication is applied — e. g. a bankcard ( something the user has ) and a PIN ( something the user knows ).

Access to a very-high-security system might require a mantrap screening of height, weight, facial, and fingerprint checks ( several inherence factor elements ) plus a PIN and a day code ( knowledge factor elements ), but this is still a two-factor authentication.

User-created remote access VPNs may use passwords, biometrics, two-factor authentication or other cryptographic methods.

After two-factor authentication involving a PIN and One-Time-Password, the consumer's mobile account is charged for the purchase.

It uses time and / or challenge based two-factor authentication and can be used to sign electronic transactions.

It has been argued, however, these findings may be attributable to the profound difference in therapist outlook between the two-factor and client-centered approaches, rather than to client-centered techniques per se.