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ubiquitination and destruction
COX-2 up-regulation has also been linked to the phosphorylation and activation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase HDM2, a protein that mediates p53 ligation and tagged destruction, through ubiquitination.

ubiquitination and securin
When securin undergoes ubiquitination by the APC / C and releases separin, which degrades cohesin, sister chromatids become free to move to opposite poles for anaphase.

ubiquitination and at
The basic functions of ubiquitin and the components of the ubiquitination pathway were elucidated in the early 1980s at Fox Chase Cancer Center by Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, and Irwin Rose for which the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 2004.
Other posttranslational modifications at lysine residues include acetylation and ubiquitination.

ubiquitination and active
Certain transcription factors regulating the expression of specific genes, including one component of the mammalian complex NF-κB, are synthesized as inactive precursors whose ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation converts them to an active form.

ubiquitination and .
Common modifications include acetylation, methylation, or ubiquitination of lysine ; methylation of arginine ; and phosphorylation of serine.
Also, ubiquitination appears to be crucial for the export of PEX5 from the peroxisome, to the cytosol.
The overall system of ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation is known as the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
Earlier cell cycle checkpoints such as post-restriction point check between G < sub > 1 </ sub > phase and S phase similarly involve proteasomal degradation of cyclin A, whose ubiquitination is promoted by the anaphase promoting complex ( APC ), an E3 ubiquitin ligase.
The APC and the Skp1 / Cul1 / F-box protein complex ( SCF complex ) are the two key regulators of cyclin degradation and checkpoint control ; the SCF itself is regulated by the APC via ubiquitination of the adaptor protein, Skp2, which prevents SCF activity before the G1-S transition.
The involvement of the proteasome in this process is indicated by both the increase in protein ubiquitination, and of E1, E2, and E3 enzymes that is observed well in advance of apoptosis, During apoptosis, proteasomes localized to the nucleus have also been observed to translocate to outer membrane blebs characteristic of apoptosis.
USP10 however has been shown to be located in the cytoplasm in unstressed cells and deubiquitinates cyptoplasmic p53, reversing Mdm2 ubiquitination.
These changes include histone modifications, such as histone H3 methylation and histone H2A ubiquitination, as well as direct modification of the DNA itself, via the methylation of CpG sites.
In addition to phosphorylation and ubiquitination, proteins can be subjected to ( among others ) methylation, acetylation, glycosylation, oxidation and nitrosylation.
Phosphorylation of DAB1 leads to its ubiquitination and subsequent degradation, and this explains the hightened levels of DAB1 in the absence of reelin.
Lysine can be modified through acetylation ( acetyllysine ), methylation ( methyllysine ), ubiquitination, sumoylation, neddylation, biotinylation, pupylation, and carboxylation, which tends to modify the function of the protein of which the modified lysine residue ( s ) are a part.
* The Hedgehog cascade acts to increase D2 ubiquitination through WSB1 activity, decreasing D2 activity.
* ubiquitination, the covalent linkage to the protein ubiquitin.
Dislocation of RTA requires ER membrane-integral E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, but RTA avoids the ubiquitination that usually occurs with ERAD substrates because of its low content of lysine residues, which are the usual attachment sites for ubiquitin.
The activity of FoxO is controlled by post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, acetylation and ubiquitination.
Interaction with CHIP ( Carboxyl-terminus of Hsp70 Interacting Protein )– an E3 ubiquitin ligase – allows Hsp70 to pass proteins to the cell's ubiquitination and proteolysis pathways.
Once perceived as a system exclusively involved in removing damaged protein from the cell, ubiquitination and subsequent protein degradation by the proteasome is now perceived as a universal regulatory mechanism for signal transduction whose importance approaches that of protein phosphorylation.
APC < sup > Cdh1 </ sup > targets geminin for ubiquitination throughout G1, keeping its levels low.
The activated EGFRs stimulate their own ubiquitination, and this directs them to lumenal vesicles ( see below ) and so they are not recycled to the plasma membrane.
However, there are some ubiquitination events that are limited to mono-ubiquitination, in which only a single ubiquitin is added by the ubiquitin ligase to a substrate molecule.
The E3, which may be a multi-protein complex, is, in general, responsible for targeting ubiquitination to specific substrate proteins.

destruction and securin
Though how the spindle checkpoint system inhibits cyclin B and securin destruction while allowing cyclin A to be degraded is unknown.

destruction and at
Ionizing radiation can cause the destruction of microorganisms and insects involved in food spoilage or, at lower doses, can inhibit their action.
Each scene is shot straight through, as had been the universal custom, from a camera fixed in a single position, but in the outdoor scenes, especially in the capture and destruction of the outlaws, Porter's camera position breaks, necessarily, with the camera position standard until then, which had been, roughly, that of a spectator in a center orchestra seat at a play.
They've worried, they've lain awake nights, they've shook at the slightest footstep, they've pictured their own destruction, and now it's all over and they can give up.
It was to Aegina rather than Athens that the prize of valour at Salamis was awarded, and the destruction of the Persian fleet appears to have been as much the work of the Aeginetan contingent as of the Athenian ( Herod.
Adjacent to the Forum, at the junction of the same cardo, and the other decumanus, Hadrian built a large temple to the goddess Venus, which later became the Church of the Holy Sepulchre ; despite 11th century destruction, which resulted in the modern Church having a much smaller footprint, several boundary walls of Hadrian's temple have been found among the archaeological remains beneath the Church.
He was formerly identified with an Egyptian priest who, after the destruction of the pagan temple at Alexandria ( 389 ), fled to Constantinople, where he became the tutor of the ecclesiastical historian Socrates.
In one common challenge students are divided into groups and given a quantity of wood sticks, a distance to span, and glue, and then asked to construct a bridge that will be tested to destruction by the progressive addition of load at the center of the span.
The bridge's destruction at Ragnarök by the forces of Muspell is foretold.
The book is structured in two roughly equal parts, the story of the campaigns of the Israelites in central, southern and northern Canaan and the destruction of their enemies, followed by the division of the conquered land among the twelve tribes ; the two parts are framed by set-piece speeches by God and Joshua commanding the conquest and at the end warning of the need for faithful obedience of the Law ( torah ) revealed to Moses.
Chapter 13 foretells the destruction of the kingdom at the hands of Assyria, because there has been no repentance.
The subject of Nahum's prophecy is the approaching complete and final destruction of Nineveh, the capital of the great and at that time flourishing Assyrian empire.
The most notable attempt to use deep penetration operations in Normandy was at Mortain, which exacerbated the German position in the already-forming Falaise Pocket and assisted in the ultimate destruction of German forces in Normandy.
On 23 July Austria-Hungary delivered a toughly worded letter to Serbia with ten enumerated demands and additional demands in the preamble aimed at the destruction of the anti-Austrian terrorist and propaganda network in Serbia.
Following the capture of Kilkis, the Greek army's pace was not quick enough to prevent the destruction of Nigrita, Serres, and Doxato and massacres of non-combatant Greek inhabitants at Demir Hisar and Doxato by the Bulgarian army.
Due to the wholesale destruction of plants at the K – T boundary there was a proliferation of saprotrophic organisms such as fungi that do not require photosynthesis and use nutrients from decaying vegetation.
DeMille was, however, adept at directing " thousands of extras ", and many of his pictures included spectacular set pieces, such as the parting of the Red Sea in both versions of The Ten Commandments, the toppling of the pagan temple in Samson and Delilah, train wrecks in The Road to Yesterday, Union Pacific and The Greatest Show on Earth, and the destruction of a zeppelin in Madame Satan.
Family enmity with Pope Boniface VIII led to destruction of the fortress at Palestrina and to the seizure of the Pope at Anagni by Sciarra Colonna in 1303.
Grouse, if not destroyed at some period of their lives, would increase in countless numbers ; they are known to suffer largely from birds of prey ; and hawks are guided by eyesight to their prey, so much so, that on parts of the Continent persons are warned not to keep white pigeons, as being the most liable to destruction.
An essay on the gradual destruction of Siberia's culture and individuality, the film combines footage that Marker shot in Siberia, old newsreel footage, cartoons, stills and, at one point, an illustration of Alfred E. Neuman from Mad Magazine, all accompanied by Marker's signature commentary, which takes the form of a letter from the director to his audience.
Astronomers did not observe large amounts of water following the collisions, and later impact studies found that fragmentation and destruction of the cometary fragments in an ' airburst ' probably occurred at much higher altitudes than previously expected, with even the largest fragments being destroyed when the pressure reached, well above the expected depth of the water layer.
Mitter concludes by writing that " one can imagine Chiang Kai-shek's ghost wandering round China today nodding in approval, while Mao's ghost follows behind him, moaning at the destruction of his vision ".
Cyril is counted among the Church Fathers and the Doctors of the Church, and his reputation within the Christian world has resulted in his titles Pillar of Faith and Seal of all the Fathers, but Theodosius II, the Roman Emperor, condemned him for behaving like a " proud pharaoh ", and the Nestorian bishops at the Council of Ephesus declared him a heretic, labelling him as a " monster, born and educated for the destruction of the church.
Broadly it deals with protecting specific chunks of data, both physically ( i. e., from corruption, or destruction, or removal ; e. g., see Physical security ), or the interpretation of them, or parts of them to meaningful information ( e. g., by looking at the strings of bits that they comprise, concluding specific valid credit-card numbers ; e. g., see Data encryption ).
On August 4, 1914, Germany invaded Belgium, leaving Moresnet at first " an oasis in a desert of destruction ".

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