Instead, these substances are discussed in terms of formula units or unit cells as the smallest repeating structure within the substance.

The symmetry of a crystal is constrained by the requirement that the unit cells stack perfectly with no gaps.

Chromosomes are the essential unit for cellular division and must be replicated, divided, and passed successfully to their daughter cells so as to ensure the genetic diversity and survival of their progeny.

whereby groups of unit cells in a microfluidic array can be reconfigured to

Also, no typical molecule can be defined for ionic crystals ( salts ) and covalent crystals ( network solids ), although these are often composed of repeating unit cells that extend either in a plane ( such as in graphene ) or three-dimensionally ( such as in diamond, quartz, or sodium chloride ).

The unit of selection can be the individual or it can be another level within the hierarchy of biological organisation, such as genes, cells, and kin groups.

Because cells and more importantly the DNA can be damaged, this ionization can result in an increased chance of cancer, and thus " ionizing radiation " is somewhat artificially separated out of particle and electromagnetic radiation, simply due to its larger potential for biological damage per unit of energy.

The unit cell of YBa < sub > 2 </ sub > Cu < sub > 3 </ sub > O < sub > 7 </ sub > consists of three pseudocubic elementary perovskite unit cells.

The two phases have a tetragonal structure which consists of two sheared crystallographic unit cells.

Mirror systems are preferred for small crystals ( under 0. 3 mm ) or with large unit cells ( over 150 Å )

A crystalline sample is by definition periodic ; a crystal is composed of many unit cells repeated indefinitely in three independent directions.

In other words, using a crystal concentrates the weak scattering of the individual unit cells into a much more powerful, coherent reflection that can be observed above the noise.

Two organs, likely functioning as a unit for chemoreception are located near the anterior margin of the cerebral ganglion: the non-ciliated cerebral organ, which possesses bipolar sensory cells, and the nuchal organ, located posterior to the cerebral organ.

By the time the human reaches adulthood, the body consists of close to 100 trillion cells, the basic unit of life.

The points can be thought of as forming identical tiny boxes, called unit cells, that fill the space of the lattice.

The unit cells stacked in three-dimensional space describe the bulk arrangement of atoms of the crystal.

By extrapolating the phenomenology of lattice points to the unit cells it is seen that the total number of degrees of freedom is 3pq when p is the number of primitive cells with q atoms / unit cell.

Therapeutic phlebotomy refers to the drawing of a unit of blood in specific cases like hemochromatosis, polycythemia vera, porphyria cutanea tarda, etc., to reduce the amount of red blood cells.

In a conventional spreadsheet the unit price would be typed into one set of cells, say the " A " column, and the sales into another, say " B ".

In biology, cell theory is a scientific theory that describes the properties of cells, the basic unit of structure in every living thing.

A single statewide assessing unit would eliminate the differences and complications that are inherent in a system of 39 different and independent assessing units ''.

When the aid operations are reorganized the Peace Corps should remain a semi-autonomous, functional unit.

According to one major producer, materials for a typical plastic sign are approximately 25% less costly than for a comparable neon unit.

Under this assumption the space group must be Af and the following are the positions of the atoms in the unit cell.

A randomization of `` ups '' and `` downs '' is more likely than ordered `` ups '' and `` downs '' in position ( 3 ) since the hydrogen atoms are well separated and so the position of one could hardly affect the position of another, and also since ordered `` up '' and `` down '' implies a larger unit cell, for which no evidence exists.

At one astronomical unit from the sun ( the Earth's distance ) the dust orbits are probably nearly circular.

From an estimated mass of 25 g for a zero-magnitude meteorite, the other masses are derived with the assumption of a mass decrease by a factor of 2.512 for each unit increase in magnitude.

The roots of this equation are just the ordinates of the intersections of the graph of B with a straight line of unit slope through Af in the b-plane ( the plane of the graph of b ).

Its size is determined by its function as a glycogen and fat storage unit, and may change with the seasons as these reserves are built or used up.

An abugida ( from Ge ‘ ez አቡጊዳ ’ äbugida ), also called an alphasyllabary, is a segmental writing system in which consonant – vowel sequences are written as a unit: each unit is based on a consonant letter, and vowel notation is secondary.

Cinematographic aspect ratios are usually denoted as a ( rounded ) decimal multiple of width vs unit height, while photographic and videographic aspect ratios are usually defined and denoted by whole number ratios of width to height.

* The constructible numbers are those numbers that can be constructed from a given unit length using straightedge and compass and their opposites.

In the International System of Units ( SI ), the standard unit of area is the square metre ( written as m < sup > 2 </ sup >), which is the area of a square whose sides are one metre long.

In recognition of his contribution to the creation of modern electrical science, an international convention signed in 1881 established the ampere as a standard unit of electrical measurement, along with the coulomb, volt, ohm, and watt, which are named, respectively, after Ampère ’ s contemporaries Charles-Augustin de Coulomb of France, Alessandro Volta of Italy, Georg Ohm of Germany, and James Watt of Scotland.

* A half pint ( 284 ml ) of beer with 3. 5 % ABV contains almost exactly one unit ; however, most beers are stronger.

In some areas of mathematics, associative algebras are typically assumed to have a multiplicative unit, denoted 1.

A model of computation may be defined in terms of an abstract computer, e. g., Turing machine, and / or by postulating that certain operations are executed in unit time.

For example, if the sorted list to which we apply binary search has n elements, and we can guarantee that each lookup of an element in the list can be done in unit time, then at most log < sub > 2 </ sub > n + 1 time units are needed to return an answer.

In most circumstances the string section is treated by the arranger as one homogenous unit and its members are required to play preconceived material rather than improvise.

Differences include where the logistic service transfers artillery ammunition to artillery, the amount of ammunition carried in units and extent to which stocks are held at unit or battery level.

Developed by Frits Zernike in the 1930s, Zernike's polynomials are orthogonal over a circle of unit radius.

Alkynes characteristically undergo reactions that show that they are " doubly unsaturated ," meaning that each alkyne unit is capable of adding two equivalents of H < sub > 2 </ sub >, halogens or related HX reagents ( X = halide, pseudohalide, etc .).

When in “ 7800 ” mode ( signified by the appearance of the full screen Atari logo ), the graphics are generated entirely by the MARIA graphics processing unit, all system RAM is available and game data is accessed in larger 48K blocks.