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The use of budget-cutting animation measures in animation dates at least to the 1920s ; a handful of the Bosko cartoons in the early years of the Looney Tunes series used several visible tricks ( such as mirror images and repeated scenes ) to give the shorts the comparable appearance of the Disney shorts of the same era, even though they were produced on a budget of just over half of their Disney counterparts ( Disney himself was known to recycle animation in his early years as well ); meanwhile, Max Fleischer took the obvious shortcut of recording the entire soundtrack in one session after the animation was completed in his 1930's cartoons ; he also made frequent use of " mumbling " to avoid the need to synchronize animating mouths to voices.
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use and animation
Raimi's use of the Introvision process was a tribute to the stop-motion animation work of Ray Harryhausen.
Another early step in the history of computer animation was the 1973 movie Westworld, a science-fiction film about a society in which robots live and work among humans, though the first use of 3D Wireframe imagery was in its sequel, Futureworld ( 1976 ), which featured a computer-generated hand and face created by then University of Utah graduate students Edwin Catmull and Fred Parke.
Thanks to the Bristol-based Aardman Animations, the UK is still recognised as a world leader in the use of stop-motion animation.
He experimented with lighting, camera techniques and special effects in order to achieve true integration of dance with film, and was one of the first to use split screens, double images, live action with animation and is credited as the person who made the ballet form commercially acceptable to film audiences.
When PNG development started in early 1995, developers decided not to incorporate support for animation, because the majority of the PNG developers felt that overloading a single file type with both still and animation features is a bad design, both for users ( who have no simple way of determining to which class a given image file belongs ) and for web servers ( which should use the image / foo MIME type for stills and video / foo for animations -- GIF notwithstanding ).
Some users feel that Flash enriches their web experience, while others find the extensive use of Flash animation, particularly in advertising, intrusive and annoying.
Many new stop motion shorts use clay animation into a new form.
While the freedom of animation afforded large alien landscapes and believable non-humanoid aliens, budget constraints were a major concern and, as was typical of most Filmation productions, the animation quality was generally only fair, with very liberal use of stock shots.
Models fell out of use in filming in the 1990s as CGI became more affordable and practical, but even today, designers sometimes construct scale models which are then digitized for use in animation software.
In a few cases it may be possible to use a video stream that was already previously compressed such as MPEG or H. 264 video, but many graphical programs such photo editors, 3D drawing programs, and animation tools require high-detail uncompressed bitmaps to be displayed in order for the software to be used effectively.
Like all thin clients, when using X across a network, bandwidth limitations can impede the use of bitmap-intensive applications that require rapidly updating large portions of the screen with low latency, such as 3D animation or photo editing.
Although cartoons can use many different types of animation, they all fall under the traditional animation category.
Later, other movie technologies were adapted for use in animation, such as multiplane cameras with The Old Mill ( 1937 ), stereophonic sound in Fantasia ( 1940 ), widescreen processes with Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ), and even 3D.
The 1933 film King Kong made extensive use of miniature effects including scale models and stop-motion animation of miniature elements.
The program is known for its educational content, and creativity communicated through the use of Jim Henson's Muppets, animation, short films, humor, and cultural references.
In Season Two, after the opening sequence the words " The Electric Company " would disappear from the familiar logo, and the show number would appear in its place through the use of a Scanimate animation and an electronic whooshing sound.
The storyboarding process, in the form it is known today, was developed at the Walt Disney Studio during the early 1930s, after several years of similar processes being in use at Walt Disney and other animation studios.
The films were nearly identical, in many cases appearing to match frame-by-frame in certain details, albeit with Porky's appearance updated ( by redoing most of the animation of the character ), the voices having evolved ( with less use of speeding-up ), and all of the backgrounds being different.
In modern animation, Clarabelle has returned to active use, appearing first in a few segments of Mickey Mouse Works and in a brief scene in Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas.
This style of animation depends upon animators ' skill in emulating change without additional drawings ; improper use of limited animation is easily recognized as unnatural.
use and measures
The Government of India agrees that it will take all possible measures to prevent the resale or transshipment to other countries or the use for other than domestic purposes ( except where such resale, transshipment or use is specifically approved by the Government of the United States of America ), of the surplus agricultural commodities purchased pursuant to the provisions of this Agreement, and to assure that the purchase of such commodities does not result in increased availability of these or like commodities for export from India.
On Feb. 21 the council passed another resolution urging the taking of `` all appropriate measures to prevent the occurrence of civil war in the Congo, including the use of force, if necessary, in the last resort ''.
The fact that the Aeginetan standard of weights and measures ( developed in the mid-7th century ) was one of the two standards in general use in the Greek world ( the other being the Euboic-Attic ) is sufficient evidence of the early commercial importance of the island.
However, autonomous buildings also usually include some degree of sustainability through the use of renewable energy and other renewable resources, producing no more greenhouse gases than they consume, and other measures.
A large challenge faced by developers and users is found in striking a balance between ease of use in the CRM interface and suitable and acceptable security measures and features.
Extending the logic of these measures, Green adumbrated a positive and collectivist definition of liberty, a concept of " public freedom " that justified legislative oversight of economic life, especially land ownership and use.
Faced with continued currency depreciation, the government resorted to more drastic measures and in January 1999 banned the widespread use of U. S. dollars for all domestic commercial transactions, a position it later adjusted.
A review of fourteen studies on the subject in sub-Saharan Africa, covering insecticide-treated nets, residual spraying, chemoprophylaxis for children, chemoprophylaxis or intermittent treatment for pregnant women, a hypothetical vaccine, and changing front – line drug treatment, found decision making limited by the gross lack of information on the costs and effects of many interventions, the very small number of cost-effectiveness analyses available, the lack of evidence on the costs and effects of packages of measures, and the problems in generalizing or comparing studies that relate to specific settings and use different methodologies and outcome measures.
The Council of Europe now shares responsibility with the European Commission for ensuring that use of the symbol respects the dignity of the flag — taking measures to prevent misuse of it.
For example, Keynesians support a role for government in providing corrective measures, such as use of fiscal policy for economy stimulus, when decisions in the private sector are believed to lead to suboptimal economic outcomes, such as depression or recession, which manifest in widespread hardship.
The DoD is required by law to " maintain a Standard Positioning Service ( as defined in the federal radio navigation plan and the standard positioning service signal specification ) that will be available on a continuous, worldwide basis ," and " develop measures to prevent hostile use of GPS and its augmentations without unduly disrupting or degrading civilian uses.
Some short-range naval guns use cased ammunition, but many battleship and cruiser main guns use a shell and separate bagged powder measures, which are selected according to the desired ballistic path.
Creative measures must also be used, including the use of double agents, or even bogus " liberation " or sympathizer groups that help reveal insurgent personnel or operations.
A study of international health care spending levels in the year 2000, published in the health policy journal Health Affairs, found that while the U. S. spends more on health care than other countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ), the use of health care services in the U. S. is below the OECD median by most measures.
The former focus on creating new and improving existing infrastructure ( especially the software environment they work with ), while the latter primarily and strongly emphasize the general act of circumvention of security measures, with the effective use of the knowledge ( which can be to report and help fixing the security bugs, or exploitation for criminal purpose ) being only rather secondary.
Although related, the distinctions among these measures mean that a random variable with high Shannon entropy is not necessarily satisfactory for use in an extractor and so for cryptography uses.
Statistical analyses also commonly use measures of dispersion, such as the range, interquartile range, or standard deviation.
Nuclear power plants operate by precisely controlling the rate at which nuclear reactions occur, and that control is maintained through the use of several redundant layers of safety measures.
More complex experiments, such as those involving stochastic processes defined in continuous-time, may demand the use of more general probability measures.
In color systems that use chroma subsampling, the multi-component concept of a pixel can become difficult to apply, since the intensity measures for the different color components correspond to different spatial areas in such a representation.
In practice, since the brain is normally a rapid user of glucose, and since brain pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease greatly decrease brain metabolism of both glucose and oxygen in tandem, standard FDG-PET of the brain, which measures regional glucose use, may also be successfully used to differentiate Alzheimer's disease from other dementing processes, and also to make early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
He protested the trial of churchmen before Philip's royal courts and the continued use of church funds for state purposes and he announced he would summon the bishops and abbots of France to take measures " for the preservation of the liberties of the Church ".
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