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The use of metal aircraft structures was pioneered before World War I by Breguet but would find its biggest proponent with Anthony Fokker who used chrome-molybdenum steel tubing for the fuselage structure of all his fighter designs, while the innovative German engineer Hugo Junkers developed two all-metal, single-seat fighter monoplane designs with cantilever wings: the strictly experimental Junkers J 2 private-venture aircraft, made with steel, and some forty examples of the Junkers D. I, made with corrugated duralumin, all based on his experience in creating the pioneering Junkers J 1 all-metal airframe technology demonstration aircraft of late 1915.
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use and metal
While the use of iron started to become more widespread around 1200 BC, mainly because of interruptions in the trade routes for tin, the metal is much softer than bronze.
Although they are generally classified as a cappella metal, the band also includes a drummer, and use amplifiers on some songs to distort the voice to sound more like a real guitar.
Generally anti-aircraft artillery and smaller caliber ( up to 6 " or 152. 4 mm ) guns use metal cartridge cases that include the round and propellant, similar to a modern rifle cartridge.
For example, letters 1, 5, and 8 contain a discussion on the question, whether the use of a piece of metal with the figure of a lion, as a talisman, is permitted by Jewish law for medicinal purposes, or is prohibited as idolatrous.
Access to famous persons, too, became more and more restricted ; potential visitors would be forced through numerous different checks before being granted access to the official in question, and as communication became better and information technology more prevalent, it has become all but impossible for a would-be killer to get close enough to the personage at work or in private life to effect an attempt on his or her life, especially given the common use of metal and bomb detectors.
To reduce dirt and bad tastes, systems use a metal collecting-roof and a " roof cleaner " tank that diverts the first 40 liters.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, extensive study concentrated on the use of antioxidants in important industrial processes, such as the prevention of metal corrosion, the vulcanization of rubber, and the polymerization of fuels in the fouling of internal combustion engines.
Although forms of brass have been in use since prehistory, its true nature as a copper-zinc alloy was not understood until the post medieval period because the zinc vapor which reacted with copper to make brass was not recognised as a metal.
In 1723 Bristol brass maker Nehemiah Champion patented the use of granulated copper, produced by pouring molten metal into cold water.
The commercial use of beryllium metal presents technical challenges due to the toxicity ( especially by inhalation ) of beryllium-containing dusts.
Black powder weapons use stone and metal balls as projectiles.
Fuller earned a machinist's certification, and knew how to use the press brake, stretch press, and other tools and equipment used in the sheet metal trade.
Zildjian and Sabian use this metal too, in their budget priced cymbals.
Traditional black metal bands usually use high-pitched and raspy vocals which include shrieking, screaming and snarling.
A common black metal trait is the use of corpse paint
This could have been meant as a reaction against death metal bands, who at that time had begun to use brightly-colored album artwork.
Not only was Bathory's music dark, fast, heavily distorted, lo-fi and with anti-Christian lyrics and imagery, Quorthon was also the first to use the " shrieked " vocals that came to define black metal.
The components used for base metal were needed for war time production ( i. e., military applications ) and a ban was placed on their use in the private sector.
In some cases cavers may choose to bring and use a flexible metal ladder.
In very high speed applications, heat from friction during rolling can cause problems for metal bearings, which are reduced by the use of ceramics.
Knife resistant armours are designed to defend against knife attacks, some of these use layers of metal plates, mail and metallic wires.
Many manufacturers like Taiyo Yuden use proprietary chemical additives to make more stable cyanine discs (" metal stabilized Cyanine ", " Super Cyanine ").
Crafters may have a preference for one type of hook material over another due to aesthetic appeal, yarn glide, or hand disorders such as arthritis, where bamboo or wood hooks are favored over metal for the perceived warmth and flexibility during use.
Knowledge of the use of copper was far wider spread than the metal itself.
Based on Toyota's projected 2 million units per year, the use of dysprosium in applications such as this would quickly exhaust the available supply of the metal.
use and aircraft
Continuing technical problems involved in the use of this fuel, coupled with significant improvements in aircraft range through other means, have now raised serious questions about the value of the high-energy fuel program.
This aircraft, which was planned for initial operational use about 1965, would be complementary to but likewise competitive with the four strategic ballistic missile systems, all of which are scheduled to become available earlier.
If we could use all the small airfields we have in this country, we could disperse our strategic aircraft by a factor of 10 or more.
Helicopter pads are available at 27 stations ; runways at 15 locations are gravel, sea-ice, blue-ice, or compacted snow suitable for landing wheeled, fixed-wing aircraft ; of these, 1 is greater than 3 km in length, 6 are between 2 km and 3 km in length, 3 are between 1 km and 2 km in length, 3 are less than 1 km in length, and 2 are of unknown length ; snow surface skiways, limited to use by ski-equipped, fixed-wing aircraft, are available at another 15 locations ; of these, 4 are greater than 3 km in length, 3 are between 2 km and 3 km in length, 2 are between 1 km and 2 km in length, 2 are less than 1 km in length, and data is unavailable for the remaining 4.
As more people begin to use planes as their primary method of transportation, more elaborate methods of controlling aircraft safely in these high restrictive airspaces have been invented.
To supplement air traffic control, most large transport aircraft and many smaller ones use a traffic alert and collision avoidance system ( TCAS ), which can detect the location of nearby aircraft, and provide instructions for avoiding a midair collision.
Smaller aircraft may use simpler traffic alerting systems such as TPAS, which are passive ( they do not actively interrogate the transponders of other aircraft ) and do not provide advisories for conflict resolution.
To help avoid collision with terrain ( CFIT ), aircraft use systems such as ground-proximity warning systems ( GPWS ), which use radar altimeters as a key element.
In order to overcome this weakness, modern aircraft use a terrain awareness warning system ( TAWS ).
Most aircraft hijackers intend to use the passengers as hostages, either for monetary ransom or for some political or administrative concession by authorities.
The September 11 attacks presented an unprecedented threat because it involved suicide hijackers who could fly an aircraft and use it to delibrately crash the airplane into buildings for the sole purpose to cause massive casualties with no warning, no demands or negotiations, and no regard for human life.
In the USA, several states have stated that they would shoot down hijacked commercial aircraft if it can be assumed that the hijackers intend to use the aircraft in a 9 / 11-style attack, despite killing innocent passengers on board.
# The hijacking or control takeover of an aircraft must be a result of unlawful use of violence or an attempt to use violence ;
# The limited range of subjects of use, because the regulations apply for civil aircraft, and do not concern military, customs or police aircraft.
Fire plans may also involve use of non-artillery assets such as mortars and aircraft.
The third combat use of the AMRAAM was in 1994, when a Republika Srpska Air Force J-21 Jastreb aircraft was shot down by a USAF F-16C that was patrolling the UN-imposed no-fly-zone over Bosnia.
Guidance for the Sparrow required that the launching aircraft use its radar to continuously illuminate a single target for the missile's " passive " seeker to track, or guidance would be lost.
Indirect combat through the use of aircraft and missiles now comprise of a large portion of wars in place of battles, where battles are now mostly reserved for capturing cities.
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