It usually occurs following a viral infection but may appear following vaccination ( although there is no causal evidence linking vaccination to ADEM ), bacterial or parasitic infection, or even appear spontaneously.

In both countries, BCG vaccination is not routinely given to adults because it is felt that having a reliable Mantoux test and being able to accurately detect active disease is more beneficial to society than vaccinating against a relatively rare ( in those countries ) condition.

Tuberculosis: The main use of BCG is for vaccination against tuberculosis.

BCG vaccination is recommended to be given intradermally by a nurse skilled in the technique.

A previous BCG vaccination can cause a false positive Mantoux test, although a very high-grade reading is usually due to active disease.

The injection was only given once during an individual's lifetime ( as there is no evidence of additional protection from more than one vaccination ).

However, it is important to note an abscess is not always associated with incorrect administration, and it is one of the more common complications that can occur with the vaccination.

Although people born pre-1970 will have been vaccinated for smallpox under the WHO program, the effectiveness of vaccination is limited since the vaccine provides high level of immunity for only 3 to 5 years.

Routine vaccination is not necessary for people living in areas with enzootic plague such as the western United States.

The CDC thus only recommends vaccination for: 1 ) All laboratory and field personnel who are working with Y. pestis organisms resistant to antimicrobials, 2 ) People engaged in aerosol experiments with Y. pestis and 3 ) People engaged in field operations in areas with enzootic plague where preventing exposure is not possible ( such as some disaster areas ).

Even today, the procedure is credited with ending the devastation caused by the early epidemics, and vaccination, in many ways an updated and modernized form of the procedure, continues to be recommended by the Centers for Disease Control for at-risk populations, such as potential victims of bioterrorism, and research scientists who work with surviving strains of the virus.

Work is under way to investigate the role of mass vaccination.

Sheik Sadeq Abdallah bin Al-Majed, leader of the Muslim Brotherhood in Sudan, issued a fatwā that prohibits vaccination of children claiming it is a conspiracy of the Jews and Freemasons.

< sup ></ sup > Another example is the use of ring culling or vaccination of potentially susceptible livestock in adjacent farms to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus in 2001.

This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.

Siebold is credited with the introduction of vaccination and pathological anatomy for the first time in Japan.

Prevention of this disease is through vaccination of Zostavax, a stronger version of chickenpox vaccine.

Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases ; widespread immunity due to vaccination is largely responsible for the worldwide eradication of smallpox and the restriction of diseases such as polio, measles, and tetanus from large areas of the world.

Vaccinia given after exposure to smallpox, within the first three days, is reported to attenuate the disease considerably, and vaccination up to a week after exposure likely offers some protection from disease or may modify the severity of disease.

Edward Jenner had also discovered vaccination, using cowpox to give cross-immunity to smallpox ( in 1796 ), and by Pasteur's time this had generally replaced the use of actual smallpox material in inoculation.

Regular vaccination against pneumonia, influenza and pertussis are generally advised.

* July 18 – The first BCG vaccination against tuberculosis is given.

: In 1987 there was some consideration given to the possibility that the " Aids epidemic may have been triggered by the mass vaccination campaign which eradicated smallpox ".

Pinel created an inoculation clinic in his service at the Salpêtrière in 1799, and the first vaccination in Paris was given there in April 1800.

* Booster dose, or booster shot, in medicine, a vaccination given after a previous vaccination

An initial dose provides protection starting two to four weeks after vaccination ; the second booster dose, given six to twelve months later, provides protection for over twenty years.

However as it may take some time for the preserved splenic tissue to provide the full protection, it has been advised that preoperative vaccination still be given.

" " Hundreds of people who lined up in Toronto today were given slips of paper with a time on it so they could return for their vaccination without standing around for hours on end.

Pinel created an inoculation clinic in his service at the Salpêtrière in 1799 and the first vaccination in Paris was given there in April 1800.

To them and their staff Siam owed many progressive steps, such as the development of a national plan for the education of the whole populace, the setting up of clinics where free vaccination was given against smallpox, and the continuing expansion of railways.

It was the first American war in which the death rate from disease was lower than that from battle, due to the provision of trained medical personnel ( of the 200,000 officers, 42,000 were physicians ), compulsory vaccination, rigorous camp sanitation, and adequate hospital facilities.

In rare cases ( less than one in 200, 000 to 300, 000 ), the vaccination can cause YEL-AVD ( yellow fever vaccine-associated viscerotropic disease ), which is fatal in 60 % of all cases.

Even though 32 of 44 countries where yellow fever occurs endemically do have vaccination programmes, in many of these countries fewer than 50 % of their population is vaccinated.

The marginal private benefit of getting the vaccination is less than the marginal social or public benefit by the amount of the external benefit ( for example, society as a whole is increasingly protected from smallpox by each vaccination, including those who refuse to participate ).

" Today, the incidence of measles has fallen to less than 1 % of people under the age of 30 in countries with routine childhood vaccination.

Research and funding, for the most part, have focused on vaccination rather than on finding a cure for distemper.

Rotavirus vaccines are licensed in more than 100 countries, but only 28 countries have introduced routine rotavirus vaccination.

The influenza pandemic during the fall of 1918 took the lives of more than 25, 000 men from the AEF while another 360, 000 became gravely ill. Other diseases were relatively well controlled through compulsory vaccination.

He later told a reporter how bad medical treatment was for Mozambique's poor: " The rich man's dog gets more in the way of vaccination, medicine and medical care than do the workers upon whom the rich man's wealth is built.

Thus, natural infection or intranasal immunization with live, attenuated rubella virus vaccine has been reported to prime tonsillar lymphocytes much better than subcutaneous vaccination.

The call for vaccination rather than culling to preserve what is considered a part of the traditional identity of the fells and moors was led by parties – such as the Duke of Westminster, Earl Peel, Lord Barnard and Lord Lonsdale – who wished to save the hill sheep on their lands.

This act can be accomplished by an operation little more painful than vaccination and as easily made compulsory.

It is worth noting that no causal link has been demonstrated between sarcomas and vaccination, that no statistical difference has been shown between prevalence of Sarcomas in those animals vaccinated with adjuvented or unadjuvented vaccines, and that the occurrence of sarcomas is significantly lower in Europe and Great Britain than the USA regardless of the use of similar vaccines.

During a 1998 press conference, Wakefield suggested that giving children the vaccines in three separate doses would be safer than a single vaccination.

A vaccination programme against such a disease that does not exceed q < sub > c </ sub > may cause more deaths and complications than there were before the programme was brought into force as individuals will be catching the disease later in life.

: Interruption of endemic transmission of an infectious disease, which occurs if each infected individual infects less than one other and is achieved by maintaining vaccination coverage to keep the proportion of immune individuals above the critical immunisation threshold.

Since the introduction of the Hemophilus influenzae ( Hib ) vaccination in many Western countries, childhood incidence has decreased while adult incidence has remained the same ; the disease is thus becoming relatively more common in adults than children.

Tetanus toxoid is indicated for virtually any bite that punctures the epidermis and tetanus immune globulin is indicated in patients with more than 10 years since prior vaccination.

Even though large-scale male circumcision could avert a number of HIV infections, theoretical calculations and empirical evidence show that it is unlikely to have a major public health impact, apart from the fact that achieving universal male circumcision is likely to be more difficult than universal vaccination coverage or universal contraceptive use.

During a 1998 press conference, Wakefield suggested that giving children the vaccines in three separate doses would be safer than a single vaccination.