* Terrigenous deposits with land origins, consisting of sand, mud, and rock particles formed by erosion, weathering, and volcanic activity on land washed to sea.

Despite the harshness of winter in most parts, the fertility of the plateau's volcanic soil made Armenia one of the world's earliest sites of agricultural activity.

These formations became exposed when the ocean floor was raised by a major volcanic activity in the Devonian forming much of the east coast of Australia.

At the Alphonsus, three scientific objectives were determined to be of primary interest and paramount importance: the possibility of old, pre-Imbrium impact material from within the crater's wall, the composition of the crater's interior and the possibility of past volcanic activity on the floor of the crater at several smaller " dark halo " craters.

At that point, scientists began to reconsider their pre-mission hypothesis that Descartes had been the setting of ancient volcanic activity, as the two astronauts had yet to find any volcanic material.

There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, variations in the Earth's orbit, and volcanic activity.

* Natural forces alone ( such as solar and volcanic activity ) cannot explain the observed warming.

sometimes referred to as ' the hinge of Africa ;' throughout the country there are areas of thermal springs and indications of current or prior volcanic activity ; Mount Cameroon, the highest mountain in Sub-Saharan west Africa, is an active volcano

This trend was due to intense volcanic activity which produced large quantities of carbon dioxide.

Scientists hypothesize that the K – Pg extinctions were caused by one or more catastrophic events, including at least one asteroid impact ( especially the one that created the Chicxulub crater ) or increased volcanic activity.

Several impact craters and massive volcanic activity, such as that in the Deccan Traps, have been dated to the approximate time of the extinction event.

Many researchers believe the extinction was more gradual, resulting from the sea level and climate changes already occurring during the late Cretaceous, and aggravated by impact events or increased volcanic activity.

Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial.

Through volcanic activity due to thermal expansion this continent broke and the new continents drifted away from each other because of further expansion of the rip-zones, where the oceans now lie.

If volcanic activity continues, the centre of the caldera may be uplifted in the form of a resurgent dome such as is seen at Cerro Galán, Lake Toba, Yellowstone, and so on, by subsequent intrusion of magma.

None of these worlds have plate tectonics, which contributes approximately 60 % of the Earth's volcanic activity ( the other 40 % is attributed to hot spot volcanism ).

The craters of the moon have been well preserved through time and were once thought to have been the result of extreme volcanic activity, but instead were formed by meteorites, nearly all of which took place in the first few hundred million years after the Moon formed.

The volcanic activity of Mars is concentrated in two major provinces, Tharsis and Elysium.

Current theories as to the cause of this dramatic drop in levels rule out volcanic activity ; therefore, it may have been a seismic event.

The motion of these plates causes the area's earthquake and volcanic activity.

El Salvador is known as the " Land of Volcanoes "; there are frequent and sometimes very destructive earthquakes and volcanic activity ; catastophic hurricanes are uncommon.

Earthquakes can also trigger landslides, and occasionally volcanic activity.

Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests.

Volcanic activity continues to the north-northeast, along the line of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, through several undersea volcanoes ( known as Clark, Tangaroa, the Silents and the Rumbles ), then shifts eastward to the parallel volcanic arc of the Kermadec Islands and Tonga.

Although the back-arc basin continues to propagate to the southwest, with the South Wanganui Basin forming an initial back-arc basin, volcanic activity has not yet begun in this region.

The volcanic activity still continues, dropping large amounts of volcanic ash on the surroundings.

Pulau Tiga is now covered in dense vegetation ; however volcanic activity continues in the form of bubbling mud and methane gas venting, although the last major outpouring of mud was in the early 1960s.

Geologists believed prior to the mission that both of these formations were volcanic in origin ; however, samples returned from the lunar surface have since proven this hypothesis is incorrect.

When the magma approaches the surface of the Earth, the rapid off-loading of overlying material causes the trapped gases to decompress rapidly, thus triggering explosive destruction of the magma and spreading volcanic ash over wide areas.

Dominica's rugged surface is marked by its volcanic past.

Diamonds are brought close to the Earth ′ s surface through deep volcanic eruptions by a magma, which cools into igneous rocks known as kimberlites and lamproites.

Deposition can occur when sediments settle onto the surface of the Earth and later lithify into sedimentary rock, or when as volcanic material such as volcanic ash or lava flows blanket the surface.

The fact that geysers need heat much higher than normally found near the earth's surface is the reason they are associated with volcanoes or volcanic areas.

The few oceanic islands that are not volcanic are tectonic in origin and arise where plate movements have lifted up the deep ocean floor to above the surface.

Another type of volcanic oceanic island occurs where an oceanic rift reaches the surface.

* The survival horror Martian Gothic: Unification is set on a research base on the surface of Mars, and a volcanic vent of Olympus Mons is also explored.

Deposition can occur when sediments settle onto the surface of the Earth and later lithify into sedimentary rock, or when as volcanic material such as volcanic ash or lava flows, blanket the surface.

Substrata of impermeable rock and stone can trap water and retain it in pockets ; or on long faulting subsurface ridges or volcanic dikes water can collect and percolate to the surface.

In volcanic regions in Sicily, in ancient times, it was found on the surface of the Earth, and the " Sicilian process " was used: sulfur deposits were piled and stacked in brick kilns built on sloping hillsides, with airspaces between them.

It was formed in a volcanic eruption which began 130 metres ( 426 ft ) below sea level, and reached the surface on 15 November 1963.

A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in a planet's surface or crust, which allows hot magma, volcanic ash and gases to escape from below the surface.

Vents that issue volcanic material ( lava, which is what magma is called once it has escaped to the surface, and ash ) and gases ( mainly steam and magmatic gases ) can be located anywhere on the landform.

is a common extrusive igneous ( volcanic ) rock formed from the rapid cooling of basaltic lava exposed at or very near the surface of a planet or moon.

The known volcanic history of the Long Valley Caldera area started several million years ago when magma began to collect several miles below the surface.

Heinlein also postulated that the surface of Ganymede was volcanic rock like the Moon.