This is sometimes referred to as spectral coherence, as it is related to the presence of different frequency components in the wave.

EMR has both electric and magnetic field components, which stand in a fixed ratio of intensity to each other, and which oscillate in phase perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of energy and wave propagation.

With a tone-modulated FM wave, if the modulation frequency is held constant and the modulation index is increased, the ( non-negligible ) bandwidth of the FM signal increases but the spacing between spectra remains the same ; some spectral components decrease in strength as others increase.

The superposition of three wave components – with respectively 22, 25 and 29 wavelengths, fitting in a periodic function | periodic horizontal domain of 2 km length – is shown.

The wave amplitude s of the components are respectively 1, 2 and 1 metre.

In linear media, any wave pattern can be described in terms of the independent propagation of sinusoidal components.

In addition, the behavior of a wave can be analyzed by breaking up the wave into components, e. g. the Fourier transform breaks up a wave into sinusoidal components.

Dirac, who had just then been intensely involved with working out the foundations of Heisenberg's matrix mechanics, immediately understood that these conditions could be met if A, B, C and D are matrices, with the implication that the wave function has multiple components.

However, one needs at least 4 × 4 matrices to set up a system with the properties required — so the wave function had four components, not two, as in the Pauli theory, or one, as in the bare Schrödinger theory.

The representation shown here is known as the standard representation-in it, the wave function's upper two components go over into Pauli's 2-spinor wave function in the limit of low energies and small velocities in comparison to light.

However as a result of the change in direction, a mirror image of the wave is created and the two components ' phase relationship is reversed.

After light interacts with the grating, the diffracted light is composed of the sum of interfering wave components emanating from each slit in the grating.

# A high-pass filter ( green trace ) will distort the shape of a square wave by reducing its low frequency components.

The package was well-suited to automated assembly equipment ; a printed circuit board could be populated with scores or hundreds of ICs, then all the components on the circuit board could be soldered at one time on a wave soldering machine and passed on to automated testing machines, with very little human labor required.

Diagram of the electric field of a light wave ( blue ), linear-polarized along a plane ( purple line ), and consisting of two orthogonal, in-phase components ( red and green waves )

In telecommunication, magneto-ionic double refraction is the combined effect of the Earth's magnetic field and atmospheric ionization, whereby a linearly polarized wave entering the ionosphere is split into two components called the orinary wave and extraordinary wave.

If this wave interacts with a material at which the horizontal component ( green sinusoid ) travels at a different speed than the vertical component ( blue sinusoid ), the two components will fall out of the 90 degree phase difference ( required for circular polarization ) changing the Kerr Ellipticity.

A wave of flame rippling through their cave had reached Nagamo, his friend, and with a shriek the man bolted through the entrance, then slowed to the jerky walk of a puppet, his uniform blazing.

Mars has been observed twice at about 3-cm wave length, and the intensity of the observed radiation is in reasonable agreement with the thermal radiation which might be predicted on the basis of the known temperature of Mars.

The study of the radio emission of the moon and planets began with the detection of the thermal radiation of the moon at 1.25-cm wave length by Dicke and Beringer ( 1946 ).

Since the absorption of radio waves in rocklike material varies with wave length, it should be possible to sample the temperature variation at different depths beneath the surface and possibly detect changes in the structure or composition of the lunar surface material.

The radio radiation of the sun which is reflected from the moon and planets should be negligible compared with their thermal emission at centimeter wave lengths, except possibly at times of exceptional outbursts of solar radio noise.

Very recently, observations have been made at 8-mm wave length with a reflector 22 meters in diameter with a resultant beam width of only about 2' ( Amenitskii, Noskova, and Salomonovich, 1960 ).

A hebephrenic man used to give a repetitious wave of his hand a number of times during his largely-silent hours with his therapist.

Many of them paid for their curiosity with their lives, for some minutes later the first giant wave roared over the shore.

While accounts of the progress of the tsunami came in from various points in the Pacific ( Midway reported it was covered with nine feet of water ), the Hawaiian station made its calculations and notified the military services and the police that the first big wave would arrive at Honolulu at 23:30 Greenwich time.

He was perhaps thirty-two, nicely set up, with light brown hair that had a pronounced wave.

On the back nine he began to acquire the tidal wave of a gallery that stayed with him the rest of the tournament.

And in a sudden wave of painful clarity, Alexander recognized a kinship with Spencer.

# The electrons are never in a single point location, although the probability of interacting with the electron at a single point can be found from the wave function of the electron.

In quantum mechanics, where all particle momenta are associated with waves, it is the formation of such a wave packet which localizes the wave, and thus the particle, in space.

Max Born suggested that the electron's position needed to be described by a probability distribution which was connected with finding the electron at some point in the wave-function which described its associated wave packet.

The first of the Australian gold rushes, in the 1850s, began a large wave of immigration, with approximately two per cent of the population of the United Kingdom emigrating to the colonies of New South Wales and Victoria.

The stiffness of the aorta is associated with a number of diseases and pathologies, and noninvasive measures of the pulse wave velocity are an independent indicator of hypertension.

A wave of celebrity chefs began perhaps with Julia Child and Graham Kerr in the 1970s, with many more following after the rise of cable channels like Food Network.

* compensate for non-linear transmitters, more common with medium wave and shortwave broadcasting

Such instruments are generally calibrated to indicate the RMS value for a sine wave only but some designs will indicate true RMS ( sometimes with limitations as to wave shape ).

Coastlines with longer shores have more room for the waves to disperse their energy, while coasts with cliffs and short shore faces give little room for the wave energy to be dispersed.

But if set to a frequency outside the human audible range then the ear can't perceive the square wave, only the difference between the speaker being switched on and off.

Classical physics draws a distinction between particles and energy, holding that only the latter exhibit waveform characteristics, whereas quantum mechanics is based on the observation that matter has both wave and particle aspects and postulates that the state of every subatomic particle can be described by a wavefunction — a mathematical expression used to calculate the probability that the particle, if measured, will be in a given location or state of motion.

Even if the wave function is not regarded as real, there is still a divide between those who treat it as definitely and entirely subjective, and those who are non-committal or agnostic about the subject.

Therefore the time between the arrival of successive wave crests at the observer is reduced, causing an increase in the frequency.

While they are travelling, the distance between successive wave fronts is reduced ; so the waves " bunch together ".

Conversely, if the source of waves is moving away from the observer, each wave is emitted from a position farther from the observer than the previous wave, so the arrival time between successive waves is increased, reducing the frequency.

The distance between successive wave fronts is increased, so the waves " spread out ".

A wave consists of successive troughs and crests, and the distance between two adjacent crests or troughs is called the wavelength.

An anomaly that arose in the late 19th century involved a contradiction between the wave theory of light and measurements of the electromagnetic spectrum emitted by thermal radiators, or so-called black bodies.

* latency ( ms )-period between F wave and initial stimulation

* Discriminating between two square wave inputs with a different period.

After US President Richard Nixon made his famous 1972 visit to China, a wave of exchanges took place between the two countries.

Tensions between Louis and the English barons began to increase, prompting a wave of desertions, including William Marshal's son William and William Longespée, who both returned to John's faction.

Social conditions deteriorated for ordinary Kenyans, who faced a growing wave of routine crime in urban areas ; pitched battles between ethnic groups fighting for land ; and a feud between the police and the Mungiki sect, which left over 120 people dead in May – November 2007 alone.

( Kondratiev wave research has generally neglected to distinguish between innovations that created new goods or services and those that increased productivity.

Arabs first reached the island between the seventh and ninth centuries, and a wave of Bantu-speaking East African migrants arrived around 1000 CE and introduced zebu, a type of long-horned humped cattle, which were kept in large herds.

* Quantum mass manifests itself as a difference between an object ’ s quantum frequency and its wave number.

One of the consequences of this is a nonlinear interaction that will result in energy being mixed or coupled between different colors which is often called a ' wave mixing '.

Ska punk bands in the third wave of ska created a true musical fusion between the genres.

This led to a theory of unity between subatomic particles and electromagnetic waves, called wave – particle duality, in which particles and waves were neither one nor the other, but had certain properties of both.

This can be applied to STM by making the electrodes the tip and sample, assigning ψ and χ as sample and tip wave functions, respectively, and evaluating M at some surface S between the metal electrodes, where z = 0 at the sample surface and z = W at the tip surface.

They can be divided into body waves that travel through the interior of the materials ; surface waves that travel along surfaces or interfaces between materials ; and normal modes, a form of standing wave.