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witches and Gardner
She said that Gardner referred to the Goddess as Airdia or Areda, which she believed was derived from Aradia, the deity that Charles Leland claimed was worshipped by Italian witches.
Valiente offers another explanation for the negative reaction of some neopagans ; that the identification of Lucifer as the god of the witches in Aradia was " too strong meat " for Wiccans who were used to the gentler, romantic paganism of Gerald Gardner and were especially quick to reject any relationship between witchcraft and Satanism.
This practice may stem from the influence of Gerald Gardner who wrote ( ostensibly quoting a witch, but perhaps in his own words ): The witches tell me ' The law always has been that power must be passed from man to woman or from woman to man, the only exception being when a mother initiates her daughter or a father his son, because they are part of themselves ' ( the reason is that great love is apt to occur between people who go through the rites together.
Adding weight to the evidence indicating Gardner invented the Book was that other Neo-pagan witches of the time, such as Robert Cochrane, never made use of such a book.
Gardner claimed that these sections were genuinely historical in origin, and that witches had not been allowed to write anything down until recently, to avoid incrimination ; when at last Books of Shadows were allowed, the rituals and spells had to be written in a jumbled manner to prevent any non-initiate from using them.
After her death in 1951, Clutterbuck was identified by Gerald Gardner as a leading member of the New Forest coven of witches into which he claimed to have been initiated in September 1939.
Gerald Gardner ( 1884 – 1964 ) who, with Doreen Valiente ( 1922 – 1999 ) founded Gardnerian Wicca in Britain, claimed to be initiated in the 1940s into a surviving coven of traditional witches, who worshipped both a male Horned God and a female Goddess.
* A term used to refer to the community of Gardnerian witches by Gerald Gardner in the 1950s.
Gardner, discussing the publication of his two books on witchcraft, mentions that he felt obliged to have the permission of the witches he knew to do so.
According to Gardner, his first contact with the witches was through an inner group within the Crotona Fellowship, a Rosicrucian society that operated a theatre in Christchurch.

witches and was
He was a knight of the Round Table, `` Sir Quintus the Brave '', slaying evil spirits and banshees and vampires and witches with warty noses.
The " elf-shot " originally indicated disease or death attributed to the elves, but it was later attested denoting arrow-heads which were used by witches to harm people, and also for healing rituals.
' and the answer will come, ' The man who was on horseback, and hung witches.
It was well known as an essential ingredient of love potions and witches ' brews.
: The fluidity and wit of the witches is evident in the ever-changing acronym: the basic, original title was Women's International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell [...] and the latest heard at this writing is Women Inspired to Commit Herstory.
He often depicted witches, also a local interest: Strasbourg's humanists studied witchcraft and its bishop was charged with ferreting out witches.
Following the writings of suffragist Matilda Joslyn Gage and others, Margaret Murray, in her 1921 book The Witch-Cult in Western Europe, proposed the theory that the witches of the early-modern period were remnants of a pagan cult and that the Christian Church had declared the god of the witches was in fact the Devil.
It is thought that it was shortly afterwards, from the 1250s, that the Church began to undertake the finding and punishment of witches and death did not become the usual penalty until the 15th century.
Even then, the form of execution used for witches in England ( unlike Scotland and Continental Europe ) was hanging, burning being reserved for those also convicted of treason.
Although Malcolm, and not Fleance, is placed on the throne, the witches ' prophecy concerning Banquo (" Thou shalt get kings ") was known to the audience of Shakespeare's time to be true: James VI of Scotland ( later also James I of England ) was supposedly a descendant of Banquo.
As Hazlitt noted, Macready's reading of the character was purely psychological ; the witches lost all supernatural power, and Macbeth's downfall arose purely from the conflicts in Macbeth's character.
He claimed it was revealed to him by a coven of witches in the New Forest area of southern England.
The grip of freezing weather, failing of crops, rising crime, and mass starvation was blamed on witches.
It was believed that placing a sprig of rosemary under a pillow before sleep would repel nightmares, and if placed outside the home it would repel witches.
In origin, one of the meanings of the term troll was a negative synonym for a jötunn ( plural jötnar ), a being in Norse mythology, although the word was also used about witches, berserkers and various other evil magical figures.
According to Don Frew, Valiente composed the couplet, following Gardner's statement that witches " are inclined to the morality of the legendary Good King Pausol, ' Do what you like so long as you harm none '"; he claims the common assumption that the Rede was copied from Crowley is misinformed, and has resulted in the words often being misquoted as " an it harm none, do what thou wilt " instead of " do what you will ".
It was widely believed in early modern Christian Europe that witches were in league with the Devil and used their powers to harm people and property.

witches and originally
Laumas and spīganas, terms speculated to originally refer to different notions, also were used to refer to witches in some areas.
Influenced by German culture, the night originally stood for the gathering and meeting of witches.
Local legend says this was the crossroads where Macbeth originally met the three witches.
The name was taken from a Tom Robbins novel ; however, The Hip were originally thinking of calling it Heksenketel, which is Dutch for " witches ' cauldron ".
Merrick explains that he originally joined the SSI because he was an angry young man who wanted to fight witches and other supernatural entities.

witches and introduced
She compares Wulfstan's mention of a " chooser of the slain " in his Sermo Lupi ad Anglos sermon, which appears among " a blacklist of sinners, witches, and evildoers ", to " all the other classes whom he mentions ", and concludes as those " are human ones, it seems unlikely that he has introduced mythological figures as well.
One of the featured leads, Piper is introduced in the series as a witch and, more specifically, a Charmed Oneone of the three most powerful witches of all time.
One of the featured leads, Phoebe is introduced in the series as a witch and, more specifically, a Charmed Oneone of the most powerful witches of all time.
One of the featured leads, Paige is introduced at the start of season four as the fourth Halliwell sister and youngest Charmed Oneone of the most powerful witches of all time.

witches and were
In Pausanias ' recounting, Hera sent witches ( as they were called by the Thebans ) to hinder Alcmene's delivery of Heracles.
The witches were successful in preventing the birth until Historis, daughter of Tiresias, thought of a trick to deceive the witches.
The trio were likened to the Greek chorus, and the three witches in William Shakespeare's Macbeth, as they would sit in the snug bar of the Rovers Return, passing judgement over family, neighbours and frequently each other.
Although first attested in the sense ' sharp pain caused by elves ', it is later attested denoting Neolithic flint arrow-heads, which by the 17th century seem to have been attributed in the region to elvish folk, and which were used in healing rituals, and alleged to be used by witches ( and perhaps elves ) to injure people and cattle.
Sometimes those found with grimoires, particularly of a demonological nature, were prosecuted and dealt with as witches, but in most cases those accused had no access to such books.
These were manifested in stories of witches, vampires, werewolves, ghosts, and demonic pacts such as that of Faust.
This, along with the general public's increasing lack of familiarity of Greek mythology at the time led to the figure of Pan becoming generalised as a ' horned god ', and applying connotations to the character, such as benevolence that were not evident in the original Greek myths which in turn gave rise to the popular acceptance of Murray's hypothetical horned god of the witches.
In 1985 Classical historian Georg Luck, in his Arcana Mundi: Magic and the Occult in the Greek and Roman Worlds, theorised that the origins of the Witch-cult may have appeared in late antiquity as a faith primarily designed to worship the Horned God, stemming from the merging of Cernunnos, a horned god of the Celts, with the Greco-Roman Pan / Faunus, a combination of gods which he posits created a new deity, around which the remaining pagans, those refusing to convert to Christianity, rallied and that this deity provided the prototype for later Christian conceptions of the Devil, and his worshippers were cast by the Church as witches.
Georg Luck, repeats part of Murray's theory, stating that the Horned God may have appeared in late antiquity, stemming from the merging of Cernunnos, a horned god of the Celts, with the Greco-Roman Pan / Faunus, a combination of gods which he posits created a new deity, around which the remaining pagans, those refusing to convert to Christianity, rallied and that this deity provided the prototype for later Christian conceptions of the devil, and his worshippers were cast by the Church as witches.
Witch hunts were enough of a cultural problem in Europe that even as early as 785, the church made the burning of witches a crime itself punishable by death.
During Shakespeare's day, witches were seen as worse than rebels, " the most notorious traytor and rebell that can be.
Norman Cohn, in his book Europe's Inner Demons, also accused Murray of falsifying her evidence by selectively quoting from the testimony of accused witches, deliberately leaving out fantastical elements to support her claim that real events were being described rather than fantasies ; such elements include testimonies of flying to meetings, transforming into animals, or seeing the devil disappear and reappear suddenly.
In Russian folklore, vampires were said to have once been witches or people who had rebelled against the Russian Orthodox Church while they were alive.
For example, witches, goblins, and demons were present.
He claimed they were warriors who went down into hell to do battle with witches and demons.
Later in the 17th and 18th century, the trials in Hungary not only were conduced against witches, but against werewolves too, and many records exist creating connections between both kinds.
In Hungarian and Balkan mythology, many werewolves were said to be vampiric witches who became wolves in order to suck the blood of men born under the full moon in order to preserve their health.

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