The Oxford English Dictionary ( 2nd ed., 1989 ) kludge entry cites one source for this word's earliest recorded usage, definition, and etymology: Jackson W. Granholm's 1962 " How to Design a Kludge " article, which appeared in the American computer magazine Datamation.

People from regions of Japan where " discriminated communities " do not exist any more ( e. g., anywhere north of Tokyo ) may normally refer to any hamlet as a buraku, indicating that the word's usage is not necessarily pejorative.

Modern Icelandic usage generally excludes the latter, which is instead represented with the letter eth ( Ð, ð ), however the pronunciation of words beginning with a þ often depends on that word's position within a sentence, being pronounced if the word is at the beginning of a sentence but otherwise.

Reviewing its uses in scholarly literature, historian Werner Bergmann proposes that pogroms be " defined as a unilateral, nongovernmental form of collective violence initiated by the majority population against a largely defenseless ethnic group, and occurring when the majority expect the state to provide them with no assistance in overcoming a ( perceived ) threat from the minority ," but adds that in western usage, the word's " anti-Semitic overtones " have been retained.

Other sources, such as the Oxford English Dictionary, trace the word's origins to earlier usage, originally applied in a military sense.

A persona ( plural personae or personas ), in the word's everyday usage, is a social role or a character played by an actor.

In modern practical terms, philanthropy specifically refers to the enacting of private initiatives for the public good, focusing on improving the lives of others collectively — balancing the social scientific aspect emphasized in the 20th century with the traditional humanist connotation of the word's original usage.

The principal decides to visit Nick's house to end the use of the word, but the situation is out of Nick's hands now, and the word's usage cannot be controlled.

Another example of the word's usage in Germany exists in the German naval construction programs of the beginning of the 20th century.

Others dismiss such objections, arguing that this explanation of the word's origin, even if true, is irrelevant to its modern usage and meaning.

Second, using katakana can indicate that a word's usage does not fall into the traditional meaning or sense of the word.

Today large houses on at least several acres are often referred to as " estates ", in a contemporary updating of the word's usage.

There is a reference to the word faggot being used in 17th century Britain to refer to a " man hired into military service simply to fill out the ranks at muster ", but there is no known connection with the word's modern pejorative usage.

The frequency of a word's usage is known to affect the amplitude of the N400.

Other theories of the word's origin suggest that it may derive from Mortimer Snerd, Edgar Bergen's ventriloquist dummy, or the Northern Electric Research and Development ( N. E. R .& D .) Laboratories in Ontario ( now Nortel ).

Back-formation is different from clipping – back-formation may change the part of speech or the word's meaning, whereas clipping creates shortened words from longer words, but does not change the part of speech or the meaning of the word.

The prestige of the Tables of Toledo and other medieval Arabic astronomy works at the time of the word's emergence in the West, together with the absence of the word in Arabic, suggest it may have been invented in the West, and is pseudo-Arabic.

Although the word's origin is Javanese, its etymology may be either from the Javanese amba (' to write ') and titik (' dot ' or ' point '), or constructed from a hypothetical Proto-Austronesian root * beCík, meaning ' to tattoo ' from the use of a needle in the process.

A silent letter does not always represent an older pronunciation and may have only been added to show the word's etymology, in other words its form in a different language ( for example " victuals ").

Just as linguists rely on etymology to gain a rich understanding of a word's history, which may help to understand its later uses, figurational sociologists attempt to look at the process of a social feature's emergence and evolution to gain a fuller understanding of its function in the present.

A word's status as autological may change over time.

The word " Motorik " means " motor skill " in German, although the word's use in music journalism may be derived from a punning modification of " motoric ", a term long used by music critics to describe relentless ostinato rhythm.

This may be considered an extreme form of fusion ( Crowley 1997: 46 ), or possibly arise from speakers ' attempts to preserve a word's moraic count.

) But in recent centuries the word's meaning has extended to include lift producing appendages of insects, bats, pterosaurs, boomerangs, some sail boats and aircraft.

A connotation is a commonly understood subjective cultural or emotional association that some word or phrase carries, in addition to the word's or phrase's explicit or literal meaning, which is its denotation.

There were numerous neologisms based on Latin roots, and some scholars modified the spelling of French words to bring them into conformity with their Latin roots ( however, this produced a radical difference between a word's spelling and the way it was pronounced ).

In some cases, a word's spelling clearly shows its Greek origin.

But some feel today that a " full apology ", in keeping with the word's original etymology, should always include explanations, while others feel that an apology should only be an expression of remorse.

One consequence of this is that many spellings come to reflect a word's morphophonemic structure rather than its purely phonemic structure ( for example, the English regular past tense morpheme is consistently spelled-ed in spite of its different pronunciations in various words ).

The interpretant can be ( 1 ) immediate to the sign, all that the sign immediately expresses, such as a word's usual meaning ; or ( 2 ) dynamic, such as a state of agitation ; or ( 3 ) final or normal, the ultimate ramifications of the sign about its object, to which inquiry taken far enough would be destined and with which any actual interpretant can at most coincide.

A word's denotation is the collection of things it refers to ; its connotation is what it implies about the things it is used to refer to.

When the astrolabe is held vertically, the alidade can be rotated and the sun or a star sighted along its length, so that its altitude in degrees can be read (" taken ") from the graduated edge of the astrolabe ; hence the word's Greek roots: " astron " ( ἄστρον )

Note that hapax legomenon refers to a word's appearance in a body of text and to neither its origin nor its prevalence in speech.

Both attempt to match a word's spelling to how it would be written if it were an English word, so that an English speaker would come as close as possible to its Korean pronunciation by pronouncing it naturally.

In 17th century French the word's form, but not its meaning, changed to algorithm, following the model of the word logarithm, this form alluding to the ancient Greek arithmos = number.

Authors writing their texts consider not only a word's denotation, but also its connotation.

In Derrida's words, " there is nothing outside the text " of a word's use and its place in the lexicon.

In reading, decoding refers to the process of relating a word's written representation to its verbal representation.

In philosophy, the adjective transcendental and the noun transcendence convey the basic ground concept from the word's literal meaning ( from Latin ), of climbing or going beyond, albeit with varying connotations in its different historical and cultural stages.

The word's precise meaning is uncertain but its context is that of astronomical constellations, and it is often interpreted as a term for the zodiac, or the zodiacal constellations as a group.

Having come from the bay area around the time the word's popularity spread, it could be said that he was one of the first people to bring " Hella " to the mainstream.