The work contexts in which African-Americans sang songs comparable to shanties included: boat-rowing on rivers of the south-eastern U. S. and Caribbean ; the work of stokers or “ firemen ,” who cast wood into the furnaces of steamboats plying great American rivers ; and stevedoring on the U. S. eastern seaboard, the Gulf Coast, and the Caribbean — including " cotton-screwing ": the loading of ships with cotton in ports of the American South.

The work contexts in which African-Americans sang songs comparable to shanties included:

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