Several scholars have argued that Acts used material from both of Josephus ' works, rather than the other way around, which would indicate that Acts was written around the year 100 or later.

** The works of Josephus

The earliest secure reference to this passage is found in the writings of the fourth-century Christian apologist and historian Eusebius, who used Josephus ' works extensively as a source for his own Historia Ecclesiastica.

Josephus wrote all of his surviving works after his establishment in Rome ( c. AD 71 ) under the patronage of the Flavian Emperor Vespasian.

As is common with ancient texts, however, there are no surviving extant manuscripts of Josephus ' works that can be dated before the 11th century, and the oldest of these are all Greek minuscules, copied by Christian monks.

There is considerable evidence, however, that attests to the existence of the references to Jesus in Josephus well before then, including a number of ad hoc copies of Josephus ' work preserved in quotation from the works of Christian writers.

The works of Josephus were translated into Latin during the fourth century ( possibly by Rufinus ), and, in the same century, the Jewish War was " partially rewritten as an anti-Jewish treatise, known today as Pseudo-Hegesippus, but < nowiki ></ nowiki > was considered for over a millenium and a half by many Christians as the ipsissima verba of Josephus to his own people.

One of the reasons the works of Josephus were copied and maintained by Christians was that his writings provided a good deal of information about a number of figures mentioned in the New Testamant, and the background to events such as the death of James during a gap in Roman governing authority.

However, the account of Josephus differs from that of later works by Hegesippus, Clement of Alexandria, and Origen, and Eusebius of Caesarea that it simply has James stoned while the others have other variations such as having James thrown from the top of the Temple, stoned, and finally beaten to death by laundrymen as well as his death occurring during the siege of Jerusalem in AD 69.

Another example of the textual arguments against the Testimonium is that it uses the Greek term poietes to mean " doer " ( as part of the phrase " doer of wonderful works ") but elsewhere in his works, Josephus only uses the term poietes to mean " poet ," whereas this use of " poietes " seems consistent with the Greek of Eusebius.

The concordance of the language used in the Testimonium, its flow within the text and its length have formed components of the internal arguments against its authenticity, e. g. that the brief and compact character of the Testimonium stands in marked contrast to Josephus ' more extensive accounts presented elsewhere in his works.

Even after Eusebius ' 324 AD reference, it is not until Jerome's De Viris Illustribus ( c. 392 AD ) that the passage from Josephus is referenced again, even though the Testimoniums reference to Jesus would seem appropriate in the works of many intervening patristic authors.

The complete works of Josephus, 1582

Louis Feldman views the reference to Jesus in the death of James passage as " the aforementioned Christ ", thus relating that passage to the Testimonium, which he views as the first reference to Jesus in the works on Josephus.

Alice Whealy, who supports the partial authenticity of the Testimonium, has rejected the arguments by Kenneth Olson regarding the total fabrication of the Testimonium by Eusebius, stating that Olson's analysis includes inaccurate readings of both the works of Josephus and Eusebius, as well as logical flaws in his argument.

James Dunn states that the works of Josephus include two separate references to Jesus and although there are some interpolations in the Testomonium, there is " broad consensus " among scholars regarding the nature of an authentic reference to Jesus in the Testimonium and what the passage would look like without the interpolations.

These works provide valuable insight into 1st century Judaism and the background of Early Christianity ( See main article Josephus on Jesus ).

While in Rome and under Flavian patronage, Josephus wrote all of his known works.

The Romanticism | romanticized engraving of Flavius Josephus appearing in William Whiston's translation of his works

The works of Josephus provide crucial information about the First Jewish-Roman War and also represent important literary source material for understanding the context of the Dead Sea Scrolls and late Temple Judaism.

The works of Josephus include material about individuals, groups, customs and geographical places.

The defense counsel will then make a " plea in mitigation " ( also called " submissions on penalty ") wherein he or she will attempt to mitigate the relative seriousness of the offense and heavily refer to and rely upon the defendant's previous good character and good works ( if any ).

Books may also refer to works of literature, or a main division of such a work.

The terms " functional ", " ontological " and " soteriological " have been used to refer to the perspectives that analyze the " works ", the " being " and the " salvific " standpoints of Christology.

Some refer to such latter-day works as neo-noir.

" As a result of this, most Orthodox Jews viewed his works as unacceptable, and virtually none refer to them, much less rely on them, today.

Most of these works feature humans struggling to tame the planet, and some of them refer to terraforming ( using technology to transform a planet's environment ).

Metaphor and analogy both work by bringing together two concepts from different conceptual domains, whereas metonymy works by using one element from a given domain to refer to another closely related element.

Others view the study of genres as the study of how different works relate and refer to other works.

Most scholars refer to both works as " by Patanjali ", without meaning that they are by the same author.

The 16th-century Italian historian Onofrio Panvinio, commenting on one of Bartolomeo Platina's works that refer to Pope Joan, theorized that the story of Pope Joan may have originated from tales of Pope John XII ; John reportedly had many mistresses, including one called Joan, who was very influential in Rome during his pontificate.

A quotation can also refer to the repeated use of units of any other form of expression, especially parts of artistic works: elements of a painting, scenes from a movie or sections from a musical composition.

Romanticism does not necessarily refer to romantic love, though that theme was prevalent in many works composed during this time period, both in literature, painting, or music.

# Many statements in the works of the Rishonim ( medieval commentors who preceded De Leon ) refer to Medrashim that we are not aware of.

Georges Braque's 1908 Houses at L ’ Estaque ( and related works ) prompted the critic Louis Vauxcelles to refer to bizarreries cubiques ( cubic oddities ).

" Orientalism " is widely used in art, to refer to the works of the many Western 19th century artists, who specialized in " Oriental " subjects, often drawing on their travels to Western Asia.

During the early Romantic era, composers such as Beethoven and Mendelssohn began to use the term to refer to independent, self-existing instrumental, programmatic works that presaged genres such as the symphonic poem.

Variant spellings capellmeister and capelle, to refer to the orchestra or choir, are sometimes encountered in English language works about composers who held the title.

It may refer to an external producer, from the publisher, who works with the developer.

The term libretto is also sometimes used to refer to the text of major liturgical works, such as Mass, requiem, and sacred cantata, or the story line of a ballet.

Those who argue Derrida engaged in an " ethical turn " refer to works such as The Gift of Death as evidence that he began more directly applying deconstruction to the relationship between ethics and religion.

While Pascal might refer the rise and fall of empires to Providence or chance or a little grain of sand in the English lord protectors ' veins, Bossuet held fast to his principle that God works through secondary causes.

" Ancient philosophers rarely refer to women's anger at all, according to Simon Kemp and K. T. Strongman perhaps because their works were not intended for women.

The Prophecies of Malachi refer to two very different works: