The second was the 1933 book Modern Thermodynamics by the methods of Willard Gibbs written by E. A. Guggenheim.

Equilibrium Thermodynamics, second edition, McGraw-Hill, London, ISBN 0-07-084057-1.

Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics, second edition, Wiley, New York, ISBN 981-253-185-8.

( 1973 / 1981 ), Atmospheric Thermodynamics, second edition, D. Reidel, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, ISBN 90-277-1296-4.

( 1960 / 1985 ), Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics, ( first edition 1960 ), second edition 1985, John Wiley & Sons, New York ,, ISBN 0 – 471 – 86256 – 8.

* Four semesters of basic sciences in chemical engineering: Fluids mechanics, Thermodynamics ( First & second law, heat and mass balances, cycles ...), Thermodynamics for Chemical Engineers ( Raoult Law, Equations of State, Virial Coefficients, Fugacity, Models ( Unifac, NRTL, etc.

Treatise on Thermodynamics, third English edition translated by A. Ogg from the seventh German edition, Longmans, Green & Co., London.

Equilibrium Thermodynamics, ( first edition 1968 ), third edition 1983, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-25445-0.

Tait's articles include those he wrote for the ninth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica on Light, Mechanics, Quaternions, Radiation, and Thermodynamics, and the biographical notices of Hamilton and Clerk Maxwell.

In the seventh German edition of his Treatise on Thermodynamics, Planck mostly writes of ' thermal equilibrium ' ( for example, on page 2 ), and only sparingly of ' thermodynamical equilibrium ' ( for example, on page 121 ).

( 1986 ), Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory, and Statistical Thermodynamics, 3rd edition ( Addison-Wesley )

The first was the 1923 textbook Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall.

According to chemistry historian Henry Leicester, the influential 1923 textbook Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Reactions by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall led to the replacement of the term " affinity " by the term " free energy " in much of the English-speaking world.

The Concepts and Logic of Classical Thermodynamics as a Theory of Heat Engines, Rigorously Constructed upon the Foundation Laid by S. Carnot and F. Reech, Springer, New York, ISBN 0-387-07971-8.

Thermodynamics arose from the study of energy transfers that can be strictly resolved into two distinct components, heat and work, specified by macroscopic variables.

Thermodynamics states a set of four laws which are valid for all systems that fall within the constraints implied by each.

* Third Law of Thermodynamics by Walther Nernst

The first half of the 20th century saw the publication of two influential textbooks that soon came to be regarded as founding documents of chemical thermodynamics, both of which used and extended Gibbs's work in that field: these were Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Processes ( 1923 ), by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall, and Modern Thermodynamics by the Methods of Willard Gibbs ( 1933 ), by Edward A. Guggenheim.

According to a famous 1923 textbook Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances by the American chemist Gilbert N. Lewis and the American physical chemist Merle Randall, the natural sciences contain three great branches:

From the 1998 textbook Modern Thermodynamics by Nobel Laureate and chemistry professor Ilya Prigogine we find: " As motion was explained by the Newtonian concept of force, chemists wanted a similar concept of ‘ driving force ’ for chemical change.

The discovery of the Second Law of Thermodynamics by Carnot in the 19th century showed that every physical quantity is not conserved over time, thus disproving the validity of inducing the opposite metaphysical view from Newton's laws.

Godson, Atmospheric Thermodynamics, published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 1973, 222 pages

In the philosophy of thermal and statistical physics, Maxwell's demon is a thought experiment created by the physicist James Clerk Maxwell to " show that the Second Law of Thermodynamics has only a statistical certainty ".

Prior to the establishment of the Second Law, many people who were interested in inventing a perpetual motion machine had tried to circumvent the restrictions of First Law of Thermodynamics by extracting the massive internal energy of the environment as the power of the machine.

( 1970 ), Classical Thermodynamics, translated by E. S.

Since this process does not involve any heat transfer or work, the First Law of Thermodynamics then implies that the net internal energy change of the system is zero.

Thermodynamics of the universe is a field of study that explores which form of energy dominates the cosmos-relativistic particles which are referred to as radiation, or non-relativistic particles which are referred to as matter.

Thermodynamics developed gradually over the first half of the nineteenth century, building on the above theory of calorimetry which had been worked out before it, and on other discoveries.

A Survey of Thermodynamics, American Institute of Physics, New York, ISBN 0-88318-797-3.

Thermodynamics.

Heat, Thermodynamics, and Statistical Physics, Rupert Hart-Davis, London, Harcourt, Brace, & World.

Thermodynamics.

Introduction to Modern Thermodynamics, Wiley, Chichester, ISBN 978-0-470-01598-8.

Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, ISBN 0-19-851142-6.

To obtain the absolute value, we need the Third Law of Thermodynamics, which states that S = 0 at absolute zero for perfect crystals.

* Eskinazi, S. " Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of our Environment ", 1975.

* First law of thermodynamics in the MIT Course Unified Thermodynamics and Propulsion from Prof. Z. S. Spakovszky

Closing the door then reduces the entropy again to 2 * S, in supposed violation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

In 1873, for example, Willard Gibbs, in his paper “ Graphical Methods in the Thermodynamics of Fluids ”, states: “ The quantities V, B, T, U, and S are determined when the state of the body is given, and it may be permitted to call them functions of the state of the body .”

* Cardwell, D. S. L. ( 1971 ) From Watt to Clausius: The Rise of Thermodynamics in the Early Industrial Age, pp82 – 3

Chemical Thermodynamics, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.

* Rational Thermodynamics, McGraw-Hill.

( 1968 ) Heat and Thermodynamics: An Intermediate Textbook, McGraw-Hill, pp86-87