These tests include: detecting complement fixation, indirect hemagglutination, indirect fluorescence assays, radioimmunoassays, and ELISA.

These findings rely on inhibition assays and the study of the kinetics of cleavage of the aforementioned substrate, exploiting the fact that the enzyme-substrate intermediate p-nitrophenolate has a yellow colour, enabling us to measure its concentration by measuring light absorbance at 410 nm.

These early techniques have been supplanted by PCR-based assays.

These assays are very sensitive and can detect as few as 10 virus particles.

These kind of industrial scale assays are often done in well equipped laboratories and use high level of automation in organizing the procedure, right from ordering of an assay, to pre-analytic sample processing ( sample collection, necessary manipulations e. g. spinning for separation or other processes, aliquoting if necessary, storage, retrieval, pipetting / aspiration etc.

These predictive in vitro assays reveal effects the administered compounds have on the bone marrow progenitor cells that produce the various mature cells in the blood and can be used to test the effects of single drugs or the effects of drugs administered in combination with others.

These assays measure cellular metabolic activity via NAD ( P ) H-dependent cellular oxidoreductase enzymes and may, under defined conditions, reflect the number of viable cells ( cell proliferation ).

These ideas were tested using sensitive and specific assays based on a combination of HPLC and mass spectrometry, but these peptides cannot be detected in autistic children's urine.

These antibodies are typically detected with chemiluminescent, fluorescent or colorimetric assays.

These assays include top agar overlay assays where antibiotics generate zones of growth inhibition against test microbes, and pH assays that can screen for pH change due to newly synthesized molecules using pH indicator on an agar plate.

These assays are in general much more sensitive than spectrophotometric assays, but can suffer from interference caused by impurities and the instability of many fluorescent compounds when exposed to light.

These assays are very general, since many reactions involve some change in heat and with use of a microcalorimeter, not much enzyme or substrate is required.

These assays can be used to measure reactions that are impossible to assay in any other way.

These properties can be illustrated with relative ease in vitro, using methods such as clonogenic assays, where the progeny of a single cell is characterized.

These lines never cease to haunt the book amidst all the exaltations of combat, and to make an appeal for a larger and more elemental human community than one based on the brutal necessities of war.

These little songs, however, were sweet nothings from the heart, tender memories of his childhood, little melodies that anyone could hum and that would make one want to weep.

These revenues make it possible to provide essential freight and passenger service over the entire New York Central system as well as the New York area commuter and terminal freight services.

These factors can make the difference between waste and efficiency in any benefit program.

These units make it easy to load as much as 48,000 bd/ft ( say 120,000 lb in a 50' box car ) much more than the average for loose-loaded cars.

) These general facts are mentioned to make clear that the total situation in the two families is similar enough to warrant comparison.

These air or gas bubbles make highly functional thermal barriers.

These balls are moving in great circles and ellipses, and are of course, the electrons, the particles of negative electricity which by their action create the forces that tie this atom of calcium to the neighboring atoms of oxygen and make up the solid structure of my finger bone.

These holes collectively make up what is known as the selenizone which form as the shell grows.

These names make it evident that the American broccoli, carrot, and onion are not indigenous to China and therefore are less common in the cuisines of China.

These operations are compounding ( or the addition of one idea onto another, such as a horn on a horse to create a unicorn ); transposing ( or the substitution of one part of a thing with the part from another, such as with the body of a man upon a horse to make a centaur ); augmenting ( as with the case of a giant, whose size has been augmented ); and diminishing ( as with Lilliputians, whose size has been diminished ).

These qualities make UV curing adhesives essential to the manufacturing of items in many industrial markets such as electronics, telecommunications, medical, aerospace, glass, and optical.

These activists also point out that heavy subsidization of developed nations ' agriculture and the aggressive use of export subsidies by some developed nations to make their agricultural products more attractive on the international market are major causes of declines in the agricultural sectors of many developing nations.

British architects Brenda and Robert Vale have said that, as of 2002, " It is quite possible in all parts of Australia to construct a ' house with no bills ', which would be comfortable without heating and cooling, which would make its own electricity, collect its own water and deal with its own waste ... These houses can be built now, using off-the-shelf techniques.

These considerations would seem to make it likely that he was born no earlier than 296 and no later than 298.

These distortions can make it difficult to match brain components from one species with those of another species.

These properties make benzodiazepines useful in treating anxiety, insomnia, agitation, seizures, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal and as a premedication for medical or dental procedures.

These two forces add to make a resultant at an angle φ from the vertical given by

These rules together make up, i. e. constitute, what the entity is.

These widespread carbonates and other sedimentary deposits make the Cretaceous rock record especially fine.

These cognitive biases are quick to make negative, generalized, and personal inferences of the self, thus fueling the negative schema.

These wagers are usually avoided by experienced craps players since they pay even money ( 1: 1 ) while a player can make place bets on the 6 or the 8, which pay more ( 7: 6 ).

" These are likely the same Cathari mentioned in Canon 8 of the First Ecumenical Council of Nicaea in 325 AD, which states "... f those called Cathari come over the Catholic faith, let them first make profession that they are willing to communicate full communion with the twice-married, and grant pardon to those who have lapsed ..."

These had started in 1944 with the famed Whirlwind which was originally developed to make a flight simulator for the US Navy, although this was never completed.

These are the lost profits that the claimant could have been expected to make in the period whilst the factory was closed and rebuilt.

These roads are largely of less than highway standards, and usually carry traffic which is related to use of the National Forests.

These deductions may not be claimed if you elect to use the Standard Deduction or Tax Table.

These are a great aid for planning use back at the office.

These examples are illustrative of the use of the words `` trial '' and `` experiment '' as they are used in this chapter, but they are quite flexible words and it is well not to restrict them too narrowly.

These records, when systematically maintained, provide much information about the children, which the teacher can use in guidance, instruction, grouping, and reporting to parents.

These are still in wide use today, particularly in semi-rigid formulations, for such applications as cores for sandwich-type structural panels, foamed-in-place insulation, automotive safety padding, arm rests, etc..

These are the wines the French themselves use for everyday drinking, for even in France virtually no one drinks the Grands Crus on a meal-to-meal basis.

These courses develop skills other than those we think of when we use the adjective `` academic ''.

These fields frequently overlap, but tend to use different methodologies and techniques.

These two phyla use amoeboid movement in their feeding stage.

These alphabets have since been replaced with the Latin alphabet, except for decorative usage for which the runes remained in use until the 20th century.

These metals found little practical use until the introduction of crucible steel around 300 BC.

These anchors must be screwed into the seabed with the use of a tool, so require access to the bottom, either at low tide or by use of a diver.

These officials urged the President to use his leverage to insist on conditions assuring the rights of freedmen.

These included updates to EtherTalk and TokenTalk, AppleTalk software and LocalTalk hardware for the IBM PC, EtherTalk for Apple's A / UX operating system allowing it to use LaserPrinters and other network resources, and the Mac X. 25 and MacX products.

These communities use extemporaneous forms of administration at the discretion of the minister, who need not be a pastor.

These types of display screens use lower voltages than older CRT displays.

These titrations may use different types of indicators to reach some equivalence point.

These engines comprise specialised devices which use some form of stored energy to operate, whether mechanical, chemical, or electromagnetic.

These projectiles use fins in the airflow at their rear to maintain correct orientation.

These spectrometers use a compact double monochromator with a prism pre-monochromator and an echelle grating monochromator for high resolution.

These use the same principles as a gas refrigerator.

These sets were expanded in 1963 to 7 bits of coding, called the American Standard Code for Information Interchange ( ASCII ) as the Federal Information Processing Standard which replaced the incompatible teleprinter codes in use by different branches of the U. S. government.