These tests include: detecting complement fixation, indirect hemagglutination, indirect fluorescence assays, radioimmunoassays, and ELISA.

These findings rely on inhibition assays and the study of the kinetics of cleavage of the aforementioned substrate, exploiting the fact that the enzyme-substrate intermediate p-nitrophenolate has a yellow colour, enabling us to measure its concentration by measuring light absorbance at 410 nm.

These early techniques have been supplanted by PCR-based assays.

These assays are very sensitive and can detect as few as 10 virus particles.

These kind of industrial scale assays are often done in well equipped laboratories and use high level of automation in organizing the procedure, right from ordering of an assay, to pre-analytic sample processing ( sample collection, necessary manipulations e. g. spinning for separation or other processes, aliquoting if necessary, storage, retrieval, pipetting / aspiration etc.

These predictive in vitro assays reveal effects the administered compounds have on the bone marrow progenitor cells that produce the various mature cells in the blood and can be used to test the effects of single drugs or the effects of drugs administered in combination with others.

These ideas were tested using sensitive and specific assays based on a combination of HPLC and mass spectrometry, but these peptides cannot be detected in autistic children's urine.

These antibodies are typically detected with chemiluminescent, fluorescent or colorimetric assays.

These assays include top agar overlay assays where antibiotics generate zones of growth inhibition against test microbes, and pH assays that can screen for pH change due to newly synthesized molecules using pH indicator on an agar plate.

These assays make use of a sugar linked to a dye which, when acted on by the enzyme beta-galactosidase, produces a characteristic color.

These assays are in general much more sensitive than spectrophotometric assays, but can suffer from interference caused by impurities and the instability of many fluorescent compounds when exposed to light.

These assays are very general, since many reactions involve some change in heat and with use of a microcalorimeter, not much enzyme or substrate is required.

These assays can be used to measure reactions that are impossible to assay in any other way.

These properties can be illustrated with relative ease in vitro, using methods such as clonogenic assays, where the progeny of a single cell is characterized.

These also measure true RMS for an applied AC current.

These detection methods simultaneously measure several hundred thousand sites throughout the genome, and when used in high-throughput to measure thousands of samples, generate terabytes of data per experiment.

These are not acts of kindness with an expectation of measure for measure.

These benefits had been legislated for the previous year by Churchill ’ s Family Allowances Act 1945, and was the first measure pushed through parliament by Attlee ’ s government.

" These sentences are interpreted by many Buddhists ( especially in the West ) as an injunction against supporting any legal measure which might lead to the death penalty.

These differences stem from the threshold chosen for describing an extinction event as " major ", and the data chosen to measure past diversity.

These higher-order averages are more difficult to measure, but can yield additional information about molecular ordering.

These mountains have a maximum extent of from northwest to southeast and measure some across.

These visits enabled him to meet and take the measure of his adversaries Napoleon III, and the British Prime Minister Palmerston and Foreign Secretary Earl Russell, and also of the British Conservative politician Disraeli, later to be Prime Minister in the 1870s – who later claimed to have said of Bismarck's visit " Be careful of that man – he means every word he says ".

These assumptions can be summarised as: Let ( Ω, F, P ) be a measure space with P ( Ω )= 1.

These systems rely upon an assumption that the psychophysiological measure is an accurate one-to-one representation of a relevant psychological dimension such as mental effort, task engagement and frustration.

These quantities can be either simple to measure, in the case of the value of a lost building, or impossible to know for sure in the case of the probability of an unlikely event occurring.

These systems differ in what they measure, what unit of measurement they use, and where the size 0 ( or 1 ) is positioned.

These characteristic X-rays are used to identify the composition and measure the abundance of elements in the sample.

These tests included a maiden " flight " on February 18, 1977, atop a Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft ( SCA ) to measure structural loads and ground handling and braking characteristics of the mated system.

These devices measure the velocity and radial direction ( towards or away from the radar ) of the winds in a storm, and so can spot evidence of rotation in storms from more than a hundred miles ( 160 km ) away.

These instruments were designed to measure the temperature distribution on the surface of Venus, as well as making basic measurements of Venus ' atmosphere.

These kind of problems include bin packing, line balancing, clustering with respect to a distance measure, equal piles, etc., on which classic GAs proved to perform poorly.

These were used to measure resistance and voltage by using a Wheatstone bridge, and comparing the unknown quantity to a reference voltage or resistance.

These pattern sequences are used to measure jitter and eye mask of TX-Data in electrical and optical data links.

These base units are used to derive larger and smaller units and replaced a huge number of unstandardised units of measure that existed previously.

These are turn-key systems, made by several manufacturers, that measure the magnetic properties of a material sample.

These two defunct phyla were the Myxomycota ( i. e., plasmodial slime molds, now classified in the taxon Myxogastria ), and Acrasiomycota ( i. e. cellular slime molds, now divided into the taxa Acrasida and Dictyosteliida ).

These patches may improve the efficiency of the cellular immune response.

These bacteria also secrete proteins that enable the AC-II to enter host cells, where the exogenous AC activity undermines normal cellular processes.

These frequencies were immediately adjacent to the existing cellular band.

These centrosomes, which were duplicated during S-phase, function as microtubule organizing centers nucleating microtubules, which are essentially cellular ropes and poles.

These errors can also be induced by the organism itself, by cellular processes such as hypermutation.

These hints of a prominent role for the MAM in the regulation of cellular lipid stores and signal transduction have been borne out, with significant implications for mitochondrial-associated cellular phenomena, as discussed below.

These works postulated the presence of chemical signals and physico-chemical processes such as diffusion, activation, and deactivation in cellular and organismic growth.

These two proteins are sensors of the cellular 2-oxoglutarate level and have been conserved in all cyanobacteria.

These proteins are crucial for cellular motility of single celled organisms and the sperm of many multicellular organisms which reproduce sexually.

These are also known as radio wave propagation models and are typically used in the design of cellular networks and PLMN.

These fields are covered by whole animal and cellular ( or mitochondrial ) respirometry, respectively.

These occur ( a ) in animals ( eating, sleeping, mating, hibernating, migration, cellular regeneration, etc.

These patterns of cell lineage are largely invariant between individuals, in contrast to mammals, where cell development from the embryo is more largely dependent on cellular cues.

These simple and complex carbohydrates are the main components of cellular reproduction, and deliver an immediately usable form of energy to the plant, which would normally rely on a soil-type organic medium for beneficial microbial activity.

These consist of " a keratinous skin over a core of firm, cellular foam-like material ".

These ERCs replicate and preferentially segregate to the mother cell during cell division, and are believed to result in cellular senescence by titrating away ( competing for ) essential nuclear factors.

These spots grow into a series of expanding concentric rings or perhaps expanding spirals similar to the patterns generated by a cyclic cellular automaton.

These transactivators can also be associated with cancer if they start interacting and increasing expression of a cellular proto-oncogene.

These range from ncRNAs of central importance that are conserved across all or most cellular life through to more transient ncRNAs specific to one or a few closely related species.

These reaction products are though to produce teratogenic effects associated with exposures to cyclophosphamide by interacting with cellular DNA which results in cell death.

These channels were mainly used in the U. S., and mainly for broadcast translators, some of which continued in operation if their frequencies were not used by cellular.

These activities are part of a cell's own repair system, called the " cellular stress response " or the " heat-shock response ".

These indications give the impression of a migrating limbus because the cellular origin of the pterygium is actually initiated by the limbal epithelium.