These results refined Ernest Rutherford's and Antonius Van den Broek's model, which proposed that the atom contains in its nucleus a number of positive nuclear charges that is equal to its ( atomic ) number in the periodic table.

These states are labeled by a set of quantum numbers summarized in the term symbol and usually associated with particular electron configurations, i. e., by occupation schemes of atomic orbitals ( e. g., 1s < sup > 2 </ sup > 2s < sup > 2 </ sup > 2p < sup > 6 </ sup > for the ground state of neon -- term symbol: < sup > 1 </ sup > S < sub > 0 </ sub >).

These quantum numbers only occur in certain combinations of values, and their physical interpretation changes depending on whether real or complex versions of the atomic orbitals are employed.

These light elements keep being spread too fast and too tightly in the Big Bang process ( see nucleosynthesis ) due to which they formed stable medium-sized atomic nuclei, like iron and nickel.

These categories surely have some objects that are " special " in a certain way, such as the empty set or the product of two topologies, yet in the definition of a category, objects are considered to be atomic, i. e., we do not know whether an object A is a set, a topology, or any other abstract concept – hence, the challenge is to define special objects without referring to the internal structure of those objects.

These shape characteristics are not necessary for a crystal — a crystal is scientifically defined by its microscopic atomic arrangement, not its macroscopic shape — but the characteristic macroscopic shape is often present and easy to see.

These atomic orbitals are known to have specific angular relationships between each other, and thus the valence bond model can successfully predict the bond angles observed in simple molecules.

These coefficients can be positive or negative, depending on the energies and symmetries of the individual atomic orbitals.

These numerical co-incidences refer to such quantities as the ratio of the age of the universe to the atomic unit of time, the number of electrons in the universe, and the difference in strengths between gravity and the electric force for the electron and proton.

These fuels break apart into a bimodal range of chemical elements with atomic masses centering near 95 and 135 u ( fission products ).

These wars resulted ( though war's evolution has not yet ended ) in the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, with all the forces and capabilities of the state devoted to destroying forces and capabilities of the enemy state ( thus " total war ").

These ideas were later realized by the use of the scanning tunneling microscope, the atomic force microscope and other examples of probe microscopy and storage systems such as Millipede, created by researchers at IBM.

These semantics are stronger than safe semantics but weaker than atomic semantics: they guarantee that there is a total order to the write operations which is consistent with real-time and that read operations return either the value of the last completed write or that of one of the writes which are concurrent with the read.

These absorptions and emissions, often referred to as atomic spectral lines, are due to electronic transitions of an outer shell electron to an excited state.

These include photon scanning microscopy ( PSTM ), which uses an optical tip to tunnel photons ; scanning tunneling potentiometry ( STP ), which measures electric potential across a surface ; spin polarized scanning tunneling microscopy ( SPSTM ), which uses a ferromagnetic tip to tunnel spin-polarized electrons into a magnetic sample, and atomic force microscopy ( AFM ), in which the force caused by interaction between the tip and sample is measured.

These elements are created in quantities on the atomic scale and no method of mass creation has been found.

These systems are not only used for Broadcast programming and for video server play-out, but use exact atomic time from GPS or other sources to maintain perfect synchronization with upstream and downstream systems, so that programming appears seamless to audience viewers.

" These uncertainty relations give us that measure of freedom from the limitations of classical concepts which is necessary for a consistent description of atomic processes.

These trends of the atomic radii ( and of various other chemical and physical properties of the elements ) can be explained by the electron shell theory of the atom ; they provided important evidence for the development and confirmation of quantum theory.

These two factors ( constancy of atomic volume and constancy of mole-specific heat capacity ) result in a good correlation between the volume of any given solid chemical element and its total heat capacity.

These research, development, and production efforts focused both on the development of the necessary fissile materials to power the nuclear chain reactions in the atomic bombs and on the design, testing, and manufacture of the bombs themselves.

These dark fixed lines were later shown to be atomic absorption lines, as explained by Kirchhoff and Bunsen in 1859.

These groups correspond to the filling of the atomic d-orbital subshell of the second outermost shell ( inside an outermost shell only containing 1 or 2 s-orbital electrons ) with electron configurations ranging from s < sup > 2 </ sup > d < sup > 1 </ sup > ( Group 3 ) to s < sup > 2 </ sup > d < sup > 10 </ sup > ( Group 12 ).

These variations included barrel wear, propellant temperature, different projectiles weights that all affected the muzzle velocity, and air temperature, density, wind speed & direction and rotation of the earth that affect the shell in flight.

These weights were an important pre-requisite for the discovery of the periodic law by Dmitri Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer.

These come in a variety of weights, conventionally expressed as a number, and tip designs, expressed as a letter following the number, with the higher numbers indicating lighter sticks.

These surveys require the use of sample weights ( see below ) to produce proper estimates across all racial and ethnic groups.

These weights were swung forward as the athlete jumped in order to increase momentum.

These weights are only for their Freshman / Sophomore State Tournament.

These races may, though, be " weight-for-age ", with weights adjusted only according to age, and also there are " set weights " where all horses carry the same weight.

These balance weights are tear drop shaped ( to reduce drag ), which make them appear quite different from spades, although both project forward and below the aileron.

These were pieces of solid silver cast to various weights corresponding to a traditional system of units related by simple fractions and multiples, one of which is the baht.

However, the most popular weights for AEGs ( automatic electric guns ) and GBB * ( Gas Blow back guns ) are 0. 20g and 0. 25g (* These weights are generally specified for pistols whose FPS is approx.

These hammers may have reciprocating weights in the thousands of pounds.

These standard atomic weights are reprinted in a wide variety of textbooks, commercial catalogues, wallcharts etc., and in the table below.

These weights are usually based upon expenditure data obtained from expenditure surveys for a sample of households or upon estimates of the composition of consumption expenditure in the National Income and Product Accounts.

These small weights help to keep the net vertical in the water while two people hold either end of the net and drag it through a spot where minnows are suspected to be.

These weights are predefined.

These burdens include conflicting evidence, giving differing weights to considerations, conceptual indeterminacy, differing experiences and value conflicts.

These exercises may progress from simple motion to the use of weights.

These weights increase to at the start of a shift incubating the eggs.

These fabrics all have different weights and feel, and some fabrics have an S ( or Super S ) number describing the fineness of the fibres.

These weights and rigid pieces also enable the whip to be reversed and used as a bludgeon.

These weights give the diver better stability when working upright on the bottom, which can significantly improve productivity for some kinds of work.

These advantages may also be available on some styles of integrated BC weights.