These are the assembly ( in some cases with a quorum of 6000 ), the council of 500 ( boule ) and the courts ( a minimum of 200 people, but running at least on some occasions up to 6000 ).

These courts essentially overrule all previous cases in each new case, and older cases survive only to the extent they do not conflict with newer cases.

These efforts spread Confucian ideals to students who then became officials in many of the royal courts in China, thereby giving Confucianism the first wide-scale test of its dogma.

These types of claims are increasing and Italian courts have recently allowed them against banks that continue to apply compound interest on retail clients ’ current account overdrafts.

These processes meant the royal courts had a more significant role in local law cases, which had previously been dealt with only by regional or local lords.

These courts run parallel to the normal court system, and are undergoing reforms that include the first ever appointment of female judges.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

These musicians were highly sought throughout Europe, particularly in Italy, where churches and aristocratic courts hired them as composers and teachers.

These rules govern how an appeal may be commenced, what kind of notice ( if any ) is required, the types of briefs, pleadings or statements of case, motions, and orders allowed in appeals, the timing and manner of the appeal, the conduct of appellate hearings, the process for decisions, various available remedies, and how the courts and clerks must function.

These new shari ' a courts serve three functions ; namely, to pass rulings in both criminal and civil cases, to organize a militia capable of arresting criminals, and to keep convicted prisoners incarcerated.

These courts did not cover cases involved other religious groups, or capital offences or threats to public order.

These cases usually pertain to issues which different appellate courts within its jurisdiction have decided differently, or highly controversial cases involving a completely new legal issue never seen in that state.

" These relaxed standards usually do not result in reversals, as the court of appeals grants more deference to the judgment of the lower courts.

These cases are tried in district courts ( first tier courts ) by a jury of nine laymen.

These purely academic issues led the U. S. courts to describe cases where developing circumstances made any judgment ineffective as " moot ".

These manorial courts were preserved under the Administration of Justice Act 1977.

These were supposed courts made up of tribunals staffed by 10 to 70 women who would hear a case of love and rule on it based on the rules of love.

These other duties in fact include the resolving of conflicts of competence between courts, penal trials against judges for offences committed in office, disciplinary and advisory tasks and the decision in disputes about prizes taken by Dutch vessels.

These courts were extinguished when the state was reorganized into the United States District Courts for the Eastern and Western Districts of North Carolina.

These rules govern how a lawsuit or case may be commenced, what kind of service of process ( if any ) is required, the types of pleadings or statements of case, motions or applications, and orders allowed in civil cases, the timing and manner of depositions and discovery or disclosure, the conduct of trials, the process for judgment, various available remedies, and how the courts and clerks must function.

These courts do not use the common law of England, but are civil law courts largely based upon the Corpus Juris Civilis of Justinian.

These obligations apply to both criminal and civil hearings, and to all courts and tribunals.

These ex-Libyan Air Force MiG-21 ' Fishbed ' fighters were based in Ouagadougou, although they were actually operated by the Libyan Air Force on loan by Libya, and were removed in 1985 without seeing combat.

These early canals were constructed, owned, and operated by private joint-stock companies.

These were operated by the flames, which contained carbon monoxide, playing on the ore and reducing the oxide to metal.

These lasers, such as the excimer laser and the copper vapor laser, can never be operated in CW mode.

These locomotives are operated by Pacific National in Rail transport in Australia | Australia.

These devices can also be operated between parallel polarizers, in which case the bright and dark states are reversed.

These firms operated under the belief that when a new market comes into being which contains strong network effects, firms should care more about growing their market share than about becoming profitable.

These water valves are operated by handle ( grip ) | handle s.

These facilities were privatised in 1997 as Merlin Communications, which were later acquired and operated as part of a wider network for multiple broadcasters by VT Communications ( now part of Babcock International Group ).

These gates operated more quickly ( 3ns ) but had higher power dissipation ( 19 mW )

These types, and the DH. 9A, a developed version that served for many years with the postwar Royal Air Force, formed the basis of early de Havilland designed airliners, including the company's DH. 16 and DH. 18 types which were operated by Aircraft Transport and Travel Limited, the first airline established in the United Kingdom, also owned by George Holt Thomas.

These airliners, although smaller than aircraft operated by most major carriers, legacy carriers, or flag carriers, frequently serve customers who expect service similar to that offered by the larger airlines with their longer-ranged, larger airliners.

These airliners, are the non mainline counterparts to the larger aircraft operated by the ; major carriers, legacy carriers, and flag carriers and are used to feed traffic into the large airline hubs or focus cities.

These suggest that the island was at least nominally included under the administration of the Nurgan Regional Military Commission which was set up by Yishiha near today's village of Tyr on the Siberian mainland in 1411, and operated until the mid-1430s.

These axones appear to have operated on the same principle as a Lazy Susan, allowing both convenient storage and ease of access.

These and almoast all new fluorescent lamps are to be operated at electronic ballasts only.

These operated until their replacement by 1992 Stock in the early 1990s.

These make it possible to connect devices that would not have operated feasibly over slower serial connections, such as mass storage, sound, and video devices.

These were operated by 116 active duty officers ( with an additional sixty reserve ) and 700 petty officers and seamen.

These devices, spanning a thrust range from 0. 1 μN to 2 mN, are operated with cesium or rubidium.

These supplement the Hanworth Air Park Leisure Centre and Library, operated by Fusion Leisure on behalf of Hounslow Council.

These schools operated primarily along the Mississippi and few, if any, were established in the interior Louisiana.

These devices can be operated at cryogenic temperatures, enabling significantly greater sensitivity.