These systems played a role in ending the guilds ' dominance, as trade secret methods were superseded by modern firms directly revealing their techniques, and counting on the state to enforce their legal monopoly.

These associations regulate competition and allowed small firms to function in the shadow of much larger companies.

These firms operated under the belief that when a new market comes into being which contains strong network effects, firms should care more about growing their market share than about becoming profitable.

These three companies are often used as an example of " Rule of three ", which states that markets often become an oligopoly of three large firms.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

These firms slowly replaced the orchards which gave the area its initial nickname, the Valley of Heart's Delight.

These remittance firms ( hawalas ) have become a large industry in Somalia, with an estimated $ 1. 6 billion USD annually remitted to the region by Somalis in the diaspora via money transfer companies.

These problems were later rectified, by Sinclair engineers, especially on Samsung produced models, as well as by aftermarket firms such as Adman Services and TF Services — to the point where several QL users report their Microdrives working perfectly even after almost 17 years of service ( for Samsung QLs ) — but in any case much too late to redeem the negative image they had already created.

These include 12 heads of state ( including one U. S. President ), 3 United States Supreme Court justices, and supreme court justices of other states, founders of technology companies, international law firms, and global financial institutions, university presidents and 18 living billionaires.

These banking firms provided loans and credit to clients.

These investors used a number of the same tactics and targeted the same type of companies as more traditional leveraged buyouts and in many ways could be considered a forerunner of the later private equity firms.

These investment vehicles would utilize a number of the same tactics and target the same type of companies as more traditional leveraged buyouts and in many ways could be considered a forerunner of the later private equity firms.

In an April 14, 2005 speech before the U. S. House of Representatives, Paul stated, " These regulations are damaging American capital markets by providing an incentive for small US firms and foreign firms to deregister from US stock exchanges.

These models describe the decisions of households, monopolistically competitive firms, the government or central bank, and sometimes other economic agents.

These announcements were based on projections from Peru's top polling firms, which base their numbers on exit polls.

These are usually performed by independent accountants or auditing firms.

These subsidies are purported to " protect " local jobs, and to help local firms adjust to the world markets.

These firms were joined by Revlon just before World War II and Estée Lauder just after.

These members are required to sever all ties to previous firms and institutions that they may have served prior to joining the FASB.

These private traders opened up urban firms hiring up to 20 workers.

These investment vehicles would utilize a number of the same tactics and target the same type of companies as more traditional leveraged buyouts and in many ways could be considered a forerunner of the later private equity firms.

These procedures became important parts of OD as developments in this field continued at the National Training Laboratories and in growing numbers of universities and private consulting firms across the country.

These ideas were informed by events prior to the Great Depression when — in the opinion of Keynes and others — international lending, primarily by the U. S., exceeded the capacity of sound investment and so got diverted into non-productive and speculative uses, which in turn invited default and a sudden stop to the process of lending.

These Bächle, once used to provide water to fight fires and feed livestock, are constantly flowing with water diverted from the Dreisam.

These businesses and the Living Videotext acquisition were consistently unprofitable for Symantec, and these losses diverted expenditures away from both the Q & A for Windows and the TimeLine for Windows development efforts during the critical period from 1988 through 1992.

These studies have demonstrated that the total volume of traffic, considering the road or bridge closed and alternative roads which this traffic is diverted through, is lower than that in the previous situation.

These little Severskys had originally been consigned to Sweden, but on last-minute orders from Washington the shipment was diverted to the Philippines.

These slides could be described as a sluice about 50 feet wide and about 200 feet long and steeply sloped through which some river water was diverted.

These have now almost all disappeared and the Thames Path has to be diverted to the nearest bridge, often a considerable distance, to cope with this.

" These investigations involved a total of 84, 128 firearms that had been diverted from legal to illegal commerce.

These changes "( diluted ) local traditions and ( diverted ) younger generations " from becoming involved in folk music, because popular styles came to be viewed as having more prestige, class and income.

These services are diverted onto the Chatham Main Line and run to Ashford International, calling additionally at Otford and Maidstone East.

These disturb the magnetic field in such a way that the magnetic force is diverted to the opposite of the direction of the movement, thus creating a horizontal force component, which works against the movement of the magnet.

These competitions, like many others in the world, were discontinued as the Great Depression and World War II diverted the world's attention.

These payments had been diverted by Radler to a company controlled by himself and Black, Horizon Publications Inc. By disguising the payments as ' non-compete ' payments, non sales proceeds, Radler took advantage of a Canadian tax ruling that made them tax-exempt.

") These republics collapsed after Confederate regular forces were diverted from the fronts.

These units were diverted to Hawaii and assigned to its defenses.

These things are important to almost all Persians and perhaps most important to the most ordinary.

These Seven Founders constituted an intellectual and social elite, the most respectable and disinterested leadership any revolution ever confessed.

These new pictures focussed on the familiar and commonplace objects that he had heard the men in his prison camp talking about as the things they missed most, hence associated with the sense of lost freedom: the cafe at the corner, the newspaper kiosk, the girls in doorways and windows along the street, the golden-crusted French bread they lacked, the cigarettes denied them.

These changes were most marked in the gastrocnemius and biceps and less evident in the pectoralis, diaphragm, and transversus.

These items, and most of the others listed above, seem quite comparable to items whose right of survival is provided for in section 381.

These men -- for the most part educated in our `` best '' New England colleges, well established financially and socially in the community -- under kindly but insistent probing, reveal little or no objective or explicit criteria or data for their generalizations about the interests and attitudes of the people they claim to serve, or about the public responses that actually follow their occasional breach of a `` client-service relationship ''.

These dates are older than dates associated with most other proto-languages.

These three cell layers consist of the melanophores ( occupying the deepest layer ), the guanophores ( forming an intermediate layer and containing many granules, producing a blue-green colour ) and the lipophores ( yellow, the most superficial layer ).

These three differ from each other in the way they treat vowels: abjads have letters for consonants and leave most vowels unexpressed ; abugidas are also consonant-based, but indicate vowels with diacritics to or a systematic graphic modification of the consonants.

These parameters were most clearly articulated in the various rubrics of the successive prayer books, as well as the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion.

These Lambeth Conferences have been held roughly every 10 years since 1878 ( the second such conference ) and remain the most visible coming-together of the whole Communion.

These and most other cities and large towns are now connected with asphalt-paved roads, while smaller towns are often connected by dirt roads, which may require a four-wheel-drive vehicle.

These buses are not for tourists only, but are certainly the nicest and most uniform of the bus systems.

These four elements were eventually codified in most states.

These and other works raised his reputation so high that the most flattering offers were sent to him from the Russian court to induce him to remove to St Petersburg, but these were declined, although many of his finest works made their way to the Hermitage Museum.

" These criteria for autobiography generally persisted until recent times, and most serious autobiographies of the next three hundred years conformed to them.

These guitars are most commonly used by swing and jazz players and often incorporate electronics in the form of a pickup.

These works are among the most frequently recorded of Salieri's compositions.

These represent the most intellectual type of chamber-music of their period, and it is to be regretted that they have remained almost entirely in manuscript, since a careful study of them is indispensable to anyone who wishes to form an adequate idea of Scarlatti's development.

These medications are among those most commonly prescribed by psychiatrists and other physicians, and their effectiveness and adverse effects are the subject of many studies and competing claims.

These techniques also tend to form the backbone of most undergraduate analytical chemistry educational labs.

These AC's are the most familiar based on extensive study due to their important roles in human health.

These compounds, e. g. calicheamicin, are some of the most aggressive antitumor drugs known, so much so that the ene-diyne subunit is sometimes referred to as a " warhead.

These pieces are representative of Beethoven's " Middle " stylistic period, which went from roughly 1803 to 1812, and which included many of his most famous works.