These new lands were divided between the Portuguese Empire and Spanish Empire, first by the papal bull Inter caetera and then by the Treaty of Tordesillas and the Treaty of Zaragoza ( 1529 ).

These humiliations, the weakening of the empire in the face of Muslim expansion, and the inability of the emperor to protect the papal estates against the Lombards, made Pope Stephen II turn from Emperor Constantine V. He appealed to the Franks to protect his lands.

These churches see no foundation to papal claims of universal immediate jurisdiction, or to claims of papal infallibility.

These views, and his chronic intervention in " temporal " affairs, led to many bitter quarrels with the Emperor Albert I of Habsburg, the powerful Colonna family of Rome, King Philip IV of France, and Dante Alighieri, who wrote his essay De Monarchia to dispute Boniface's claims of papal supremacy.

These measures had the effect of blocking a main source of papal revenue.

" These two documents were very influential in shaping the rhetoric used in papal documents.

These dignities are the papal authority and the royal power.

These tendencies however were never supported by the First Vatican Council's dogma of papal infallibility and primacy of 1870, but are rather inspired by erroneous private opinions of some Roman Catholic laymen, who tend to identify themselves completely with the Holy See.

These include a papal bull and the memoirs of Mary Eleanor Bowes.

These Acts sought to demonstrate that establishing royal jurisdiction over the Church would ensure progress in " religious reformation " where papal authority had been insufficient.

" These demands, along with numerous attacks against bishops appointed by the new government, whom he characterized as ambitious and servile, provoked a scandal in the French episcopate, which was largely Gallican ( i. e., conciliarist, nationalist, royalist, asserting the authority of the local episcopacy, and opposed to papal absolutism ) and conservative.

These projects raised high hopes for greater popular influence in the papal government and for Italian unification, and the disenchantment when these did not happen was severe.

These articles, which contain the essence of the Hussite doctrine, were rejected by Sigismund, mainly through the influence of the papal legates, who considered them prejudicial to the authority of the Roman see.

These Provisions were overthrown by Henry, helped by a papal bull, in 1261, seeding the start of the Second Barons ' War ( 1263 – 1267 ), which was won by the King and his royalist supporters.

These high papal officials are the highest class of Monsignor, are often raised directly to the cardinalate, and hold distinctive privileges in address and attire.

Thus the procedures of the Church tribunal were covered by papal secrecy ( called at that time secrecy of the Holy Office ), but the crime of the priest was not: " These matters are confidential only to the procedures within the Church, but do not preclude in any way for these matters to be brought to civil authorities for proper legal adjudication.

" These papal documents reflect the support of the popes for both Marian devotions and Marian doctrines.

These works show Steuco's staunch support of the traditions and practices of the church, including a strident defense of papal authority.

These had to be given as a perquisite to the Conservatori ( the town councillors of papal Rome ), who used them to prepare a fish soup.

These celebrations include horse races featuring Peruvian Caballos de Paso and the traditional running of the bulls, known locally as the jalatoro or pascuatoro.

These bulls were not only aimed at ecstasy, but were aimed at magicians, priests, sorcerers, etc.

These bulls attack not because they are irritated or agitated or frightened, but because that is their basic nature.

These bulls will " play " for some time ( from a few minutes to a couple of hours ) providing a spectacle for viewers, players and owners alike.

These were usually made from clay, as were ritual statues of gods, bulls, and stylized women.

These included 86 Tigers ( and lions ), 9 Bears, leopards, foxes, otters ( ubdilao ) and hyaenas, 889 – Blue bulls ( Nilgai ) and 35 Mhaka.

These were probably the descendents of Longhorn brood cows and Hereford bulls.

These nutlets strikingly resemble goats ' or bulls ' heads ; the " horns " are sharp enough to puncture bicycle tires and to cause painful injury to bare feet.

Originally, fighting bulls were brought to Mexico in the 16th century supposedly as “ guard animals ” These bulls were of Navarre stock brought from Spain.

These brokers came to be known as the curbstone brokers, as they conducted their auctions out in the street.

These results came at the beginning of the golden age of general relativity, which was marked by general relativity and black holes becoming mainstream subjects of research.

These changes came about partly as the result of the urgings of Edwin Samuel Montagu, an influential anti-Zionist Jew and secretary of state for India, who was concerned that the declaration without those changes could result in increased anti-Semitic persecution.

These wretched miscreants held their muskets against us as we came up to receive the sacred elements, as if they would have shot us at the altar.

These came from Buddhist beliefs ; the classical Chinese elements (, go gyô ) are also prominent in Japanese culture, especially to the influential Neo-Confucianists during the Edo period.

These recommendations were implemented — not uncontroversially at the time — within the Criminal Justice Act 2003, and this provision came into force in April 2005.

These traditional problems often lay unsolved for centuries, and mathematicians gradually came to understand their depth ( in some cases ), rather than treat them as puzzles.

These buses came into use on 28th May 2011, when the timetables and routes were also revised.

These fourteen countries came to be known as the " Cairns Group ", and included mostly small and medium sized agricultural exporters such as Australia, Brazil, Canada, Indonesia, and New Zealand.

These developments represented a fundamental change in literary criticism, which came to focus more on character and less on plot.

These two bodies came from the wealthy, commercial families of Carthage.

These building techniques were enhanced and came into maturity at Great Zimbabwe, represented by the wall of the Great Enclosure.

These came mainly as a result of the breakup of the Soviet trading bloc, which impeded the Republic's smooth transfer to a free-market economy.

These debates eventually came to be edited together into compilations known as the Talmud: the Talmud Yerushalmi ( Jerusalem Talmud ) for the compilation in Israel, and Talmud Bavli ( Babylonian Talmud ) for the compilation undertaken in Babylon.

These faithful followers of Jesus stood at Golgotha during the Crucifixion of Jesus and later came to his tomb early on the morning following the Sabbath with myrrh ( expensive oil ), according to the Jewish tradition, to anoint their Lord's body.

These authors tended to cite Tacitus as their source for realist political advice, rather than Machiavelli, and this pretense came to be known as " Tacitism ".

These conflicts saw the development and refinement of tactics which came to be called the line of battle.

These settlers are believed to have arrived in very substantial numbers and like those who migrated to Iceland and the Faroe Islands it is probable that most came from the west coast of Norway.

These forces eventually came to be known as the " Colorado " s and the " Liberals ".

These two popes then came to be distinguished as Iohannes XIV and Iohannes XIV bis (" John XIV the second ").

These changes came starting from VIN 1001, which means that the first thousand ' 86's had the old brakes, but later cars had the later systems.

These bawdy, loud and unruly drinking dens so often described by Charles Dickens in his Sketches by Boz ( published 1835 – 6 ) increasingly came to be held as unbridled cesspits of immorality or crime and the source of much ill-health and alcoholism among the working classes.

These tables had been based on a calculation technique developed by General Vilho Petter Nenonen, but Nevanlinna now came up with a new method which made them considerably faster to compile.

These Strat-style guitars came with the matching GR-700 and PG-200 pedal boards, which also work as a regular guitar effector as well as a MIDI synthesizer bank.