These include encouragement of, and assistance to, the engineer in preparation and publication of technical papers.

These passes ( and others dated 1700 ) resurfaced in the early twentieth century, misfiled with other government papers in a London building.

These papers considered a special class of C *- algebras which are now known as von Neumann algebras.

These fields of study were essentially created by Claude Shannon, who published fundamental papers on the topic in the late 1940s and early 1950s.

These were first published, for the most part, in Sunny Stories, an Enid Blyton magazine, or other children's papers.

These payments were in effect bribes from the papers ’ publisher Max Amann.

These notebooks — originally loose papers of different types and sizes, distributed by friends after his death — have found their way into major collections such as the Royal Library at Windsor Castle, the Louvre, the Biblioteca Nacional de España, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan which holds the twelve-volume Codex Atlanticus, and British Library in London which has put a selection from its notebook BL Arundel MS 263 online.

These papers were left to his heir, Francesco Melzi, for publication, a task of overwhelming difficulty because of its scope and Leonardo's idiosyncratic writing.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

These formed the subject of his first published papers in 1851.

These figures were extracted through an analysis of the papers contained within the MEDLINE database.

These papers are together believed to give a complete proof, and there are several ongoing projects to shorten and simplify this proof.

These complications mean that there are three common ways to express a polynomial as an integer: the first two, which are mirror images in binary, are the constants found in code ; the third is the number found in Koopman's papers.

These two 1948 papers of Gamow laid the foundation for our present understanding of big-bang nucleosynthesis

These papers were not published by Christopher Tolkien in the volumes of his " The History of Middle-earth ".

These sets tend to vary greatly between countries, with many variations in toys, but more especially papers, which tend to be unique to the specific countries in which the sets are released.

These allow the inkjet printer to compete with the silver-based photographic papers traditionally used in black-and-white photography, and provide the same range of tones: neutral, " warm " or " cold ".

These papers were not published by Christopher Tolkien in " The History of Middle-earth ".

These mastheads had been publishing as separate papers since 1840 ( The Herald ) and 1922 ( The Sun News-Pictorial ); HWT had bought The Sun News-Pictorial in 1925.

These papers include reels of microfilm that document his activities against the Nazis.

These draft NSC papers went up the hill through the Planning Board, created to review and refine the recommendations before passing them on for full NSC consideration.

These commercial indicators ( e. g., universal indicator and Hydrion papers ) are used when only rough knowledge of pH is necessary.

These records outline the planning and construction of Progress Village and include correspondence files, working papers, and related documents covering years 1958-1970.

These included the papers of his father William Clarke ( which are of crucial importance for the history of England during the period of the Commonwealth and Protectorate ) and a large proportion of the surviving drawings of Inigo Jones.

These papers contain the germs of his later policy, and of all the disasters which finally overtook him.

These anthropologists continue to concern themselves with the distinct ways people in different locales experience and understand their lives, but they often argue that one cannot understand these particular ways of life solely from a local perspective ; they instead combine a focus on the local with an effort to grasp larger political, economic, and cultural frameworks that impact local lived realities.

These opponents of central planning argue that the only way to determine what society actually wants is by allowing private enterprise to use their resources in competing to meet the needs of consumers, rather those taking resources away and allowing government to direct investment without responding to market signals.

These scholars argue that the book does not attempt to claim that Qoheleth / Solomon wrote the book, but rather to use Qoheleth / Solomon as the main character in a book of wisdom literature.

These books, secular perennialists argue, are written by the world's finest thinkers, and cumulatively comprise the " Great Conversation " of mankind with regard to the central human questions.

These " post-environmental movement " thinkers argue that the ecological crises the human species faces in the 21st century are qualitatively different from the problems the environmental movement was created to address in the 1960s and 1970s.

These anti-feminists argue, for example, that social acceptance of divorce and non-married women is wrong and harmful, and that men and women are fundamentally different and thus their different traditional roles in society should be maintained.

These failures range from military services to roads, and some would argue, to health care.

These governments argue that the expulsion of Germans and related border changes were not enacted by the Polish or Czech governments, but rather were ordered by the Potsdam Conference.

These linguists argue that the concept of a Language Acquisition Device ( LAD ) is unsupported by evolutionary anthropology, which tends to show a gradual adaptation of the human brain and vocal cords to the use of language, rather than a sudden appearance of a complete set of binary parameters delineating the whole spectrum of possible grammars ever to have existed and ever to exist.

These scholars argue that there is little connection between the notion of original jurisdiction and the Supreme Court, and note that the Act seems to affirm the Court's power to exercise only appellate jurisdiction.

These activities led critics of the Sandinistas to argue that the CDS was a system of local spy networks for the government used to stifle political dissent, and it is true that the CDS did hold limited powers — such as the ability to suspend privileges such as driver licenses and passports — if locals refused to cooperate with the new government.

These theories argue against interventions imposed on the labour market from the outside, such as unionization, minimum wage laws, taxes, and other regulations that they claim discourage the hiring of workers.

These groups cite studies showing the psychological damage caused by working in the meat industry, especially in factory and industrialised settings, and argue that the meat industry violates its labourers ' human rights by assigning difficult and distressing tasks without adequate counselling, training and debriefing.

These critics admit his ability to evoke powerful and moving crowd scenes but argue that he lacked the ability to create memorable characters, in the manner of Honoré de Balzac or Charles Dickens and the ability to make his characters true to life.

These advocates argue that Internet interconnection should work like international telephone interconnection, with each party paying half of the cost.

These critics argue specifically that the moral relativists reduce the extent of their input in normative moral discussions to either rejecting the very having of the discussion, or else deeming both disagreeing parties to be correct.

These scholars regard apostasy as a serious crime, but argue for the freedom to convert to and from Islam without legal penalty, and consider the aforementioned Hadith quote as insufficient justification for capital punishment.

These laws argue that youth do not have the reasoning capabilities to fully understand their actions and should therefore be prohibited from these actions until a certain age, even if those prohibitions create a hindrance for adults as well.

These political scientists argue that the concept of ethnic war is misleading because it leads to an essentialist conclusion that certain groups are doomed to fight each other when in fact the wars between them are the result of political decisions.

These researchers argue that the combinatorial nature of transcriptional regulation allows a rich substrate for morphological diversity, since variations in the level, pattern, or timing of gene expression may provide more variation for natural selection to act upon than changes in the gene product alone.

These biographies of early church leaders, mostly written in the 11th century, may for propaganda purposes have invented, exaggerated, or borrowed miracles, and altered days of death, but some argue that their authors had no reason to distort mundane facts such as the dates and places of meetings.

These models argue that cilia developed from pre-existing components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton ( which has tubulin and dynein also used for other functions ) as an extension of the mitotic spindle apparatus.

These models argue that the cilium evolved from a symbiotic spirochete that attached to a primitive eukaryote or archaebacterium ( archaea ).

These authors argue that the medicalization of childbirth has marginalized midwife knowledge and changed the natural process of childbirth into a procedure dependent on specialized technologies and appropriated expertise.

These birds might have been a last remnant of the species, but some might argue that there had not been suitable prey for a population of Haast's Eagle to maintain itself for about five hundred years before that date, and 19th century Māori lore was adamant that the pouakai was a bird not seen in living memory.