These extracellular loops also contain two highly-conserved cysteine residues that form disulfide bonds to stabilize the receptor structure.

These structures indicate how ligand binding at the extracellular side of a receptor leads to conformational changes in the cytoplasmic side of the receptor.

These proteins help to modulate IGF action in complex ways that involve both inhibiting IGF action by preventing binding to the IGF-1 receptor as well as promoting IGF action possibly through aiding in delivery to the receptor and increasing IGF half-life.

These include sphingosine-1-phosphate, a sphingolipid derived from ceramide that is a potent messenger molecule involved in regulating calcium mobilization, cell growth, and apoptosis ; diacylglycerol ( DAG ) and the phosphatidylinositol phosphates ( PIPs ), involved in calcium-mediated activation of protein kinase C ; the prostaglandins, which are one type of fatty-acid derived eicosanoid involved in inflammation and immunity ; the steroid hormones such as estrogen, testosterone and cortisol, which modulate a host of functions such as reproduction, metabolism and blood pressure ; and the oxysterols such as 25-hydroxy-cholesterol that are liver X receptor agonists.

These proteins are ubiquitinated by SCFTIR1, or SCF in complex with the auxin receptor TIR1.

These result in either the activation of an enzyme in the receptor or the exposure of a binding site for other intracellular signaling proteins within the cell, eventually propagating the signal through the cytoplasm.

These four receptor subtypes are further classified based on their ability to either stimulate or inhibit adenylate cyclase activity.

These ligands include B cell receptor ( for antigen ), IgG Fc receptors, CD21, which binds complement C3d, Toll-like receptors 9 and 7 ( which can bind DNA and nucleoproteins ) and PNAR.

These chemicals are nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists.

These observations were finally linked in 1998 by the discovery of the Toll-like receptor gene 4 ( TLR 4 ).

These bacteria also have a receptor that can specifically detect the signaling molecule ( inducer ).

These agents are capable of exerting low level agonist activity at the β-adrenergic receptor while simultaneously acting as a receptor site antagonist.

Alkylamides bind particularly to human CB2 and to a much lesser degree to CB1 cannabinoid receptors ; as a result they are implicated in a variety of modulatory functions, including immune suppression, induction of apoptosis, cell migration and inhibition of tumor necrosis factor α TNF-alpha These Alkylamides have similar potency to that of THC at the CB2 receptor, with THC being around 1. 5 times stronger (~ 40 nm vs ~ 60 nm affinities ).

These molecules are recognised by receptors on the cell surface of the macrophage such as the phosphatidylserine receptor or by soluble ( free floating ) receptors such as thrombospondin 1, Gas-6, and MFG-E8, which themselves then bind to other receptors on the macrophage such as CD36 and alpha-v beta-3 integrin.

These result in peptide fragments, some of which are presented by MHC Class I to the T cell antigen receptor ( TCR ) on CD8 + T cells.

These soluble NKG2D ligands bind to NK cell NKG2D receptors activating a false NK response and consequently creating competition for the receptor site.

These medications are called selective estrogen receptor modulators, or SERMs.

These include activation of electrogenic sodium-calcium exchangers ( NCX ) and a non-specific cationic conductance, likely channels of the transient receptor potential canonical -( TRPC ) type activation of L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels, closure of G-protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channels ( GIRK ), and activation of protein kinases, including protein kinase C ( PKC ), protein kinase A ( PKA ), and mitogen-associated protein kinase, also called mitogen-activated protein kinase ( MAPK ).

These are located on top of the taste receptor cells that constitute the taste buds.

These include mutations to the SF1 transcription factor, congenital adrenal hypoplasia ( CAH ) due to DAX-1 gene mutations and mutations to the ACTH receptor gene ( or related genes, such as in the Triple A or Allgrove syndrome ).

These include acetylcholine's precursors and cofactors, acetylcholine receptor agonists, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and cholinergic enzymes:

These tumor suppressing proteins regulate the cell cycle, but are rendered inactive when bound to an inhibitory protein.

These two inhibitory proteins are partially responsible for HeLa cells immortality by inhibiting apoptosis to occur.

These homologs can inhibit proapoptotic proteins such as BAX and BAK, which are essential for the activation of apoptosis.

These bacteria also secrete proteins that enable the AC-II to enter host cells, where the exogenous AC activity undermines normal cellular processes.

These oxidants can damage cells by starting chemical chain reactions such as lipid peroxidation, or by oxidizing DNA or proteins.

These factors include insulin-like growth factors I and II, transforming growth factor-beta, fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and bone morphogenetic proteins.

These similarities include the energy carrier adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ), and the fact that all amino acids found in proteins are left-handed.

These methods can be applied to proteins and other large biological molecules, and allow studies of the approach and interaction ( docking ) of potential drug molecules ( e. g. and ).

These proteins can specifically catalyze a single reaction, so that reactions can be controlled very precisely.

These proteins are often concentrated in specialized cells and in cell corners.

These fusion proteins are labeled with compounds such as His-tags, biotin or antigens, which bind to the stationary phase specifically.

These play a dual role of a site of recognition by many proteins and as a sink for torsional stress from RNA polymerase or nucleosome binding.

These receptors may bind attractants or repellents directly or indirectly through interaction with proteins of periplasmatic space.

These fiber types are chemically different, corresponding to proteins, carbohydrates and synthetic polymers, respectively.

These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed.

These initiators recruit other proteins to separate the strands and initiate replication forks.

These organisms are now used for several purposes, and are particularly important in producing large amounts of pure human proteins for use in medicine.

These G proteins are made from three subunits, with the G domain located on the largest one ( the α unit ); together with the two smaller subunits ( β and γ units ), they form a tightly associated protein complex.

These G proteins are used in the signal transduction of taste and smell.

These proteins usually have phospholipase C as effector protein.

These G proteins can be activated by thromboxan receptors and thrombin receptors.

These are small monomeric proteins homologous to Ras.

These proteins are homologous to the alpha ( α ) subunit found in heterotrimers, and are in fact monomeric.

These proteins act to accelerate hydrolysis of GTP to GDP and terminate the transduced signal.

These proteins are homologous to the alpha ( α ) subunit found in heterotrimers, but exist as monomers.