Thiols, hydroxyls and amines are all known to serve as nucleophiles.

Thiols are used as odorants to assist in the detection of natural gas ( which in pure form is odorless ), and the " smell of natural gas " is due to the smell of the thiol used as the odorant.

Thiols are often referred to as mercaptans.

Thiols are also responsible for a class of wine faults caused by an unintended reaction between sulfur and yeast and the " skunky " odor of beer that has been exposed to ultraviolet light.

Thiols and alcohols are also very different in their reactivity, thiols being easily oxidized and thiolates being highly potent nucleophiles.

Thiols, or more particularly their conjugate bases, are readily alkylated to give thioethers:

Thiols, especially in the presence of base, are readily oxidized by reagents such as iodine to give an organic disulfide ( R – S – S – R ).

Thiols are frequently used on noble metal substrates because of the strong affinity of sulfur for these metals.

Thiols are structurally similar to the alcohol group, but these functionalities are very different in their chemical properties.

Thiols are more nucleophilic, more acidic, and more readily oxidized.

Thiols and alcohols have similar molecular structure.

* Thiols traditionally also called mercaptans ( denoted as RSH, where R is an organic group such as methyl, ethyl, etc.

Thiols have a lower dipole moment relative to the corresponding alcohol.

Thiols show little association by hydrogen bonding, with both water molecules and among themselves.

Thiols, and sulfides can be removed from aliphatic, aromatic, or heteroaromatic compounds.

Another set of methods is the aromatization of cyclohexanes and other aliphatic rings: reagents are catalysts used in hydrogenation such as platinum, palladium and nickel ( reverse hydrogenation ), quinones and the elements sulfur and selenium.

Emissions of nitrogen oxides which are oxidized to form nitric acid are of increasing importance due to stricter controls on emissions of sulfur containing compounds.

There are a large number of aqueous reactions that oxidize sulfur from S ( IV ) to S ( VI ), leading to the formation of sulfuric acid.

In general, sulfides are first oxidized to elemental sulfur, whereas disulfides are oxidized to give thiosulfate, and the processes above can be applied to other sulfidic ores.

By convention, the bicyclic β-lactams are numbered starting with the position occupied by sulfur in the penams and cephems, regardless of which atom it is in a given class.

Although chives are repulsive to insects in general, due to their sulfur compounds, their flowers attract bees, and they are at times kept to increase desired insect life.

Chives are also rich in vitamins A and C, contain trace amounts of sulfur, and are rich in calcium and iron.

Among the more common of such " native elements " are copper, silver, gold, carbon ( as coal, graphite, or diamonds ), sulfur, and mercury.

Examples are nickel, such as Raney nickel for hydrogenation, and vanadium ( V ) oxide for oxidation of sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide.

Typical electrophiles are the carbon atom of carbonyl groups, carbocations or sulfur or nitronium cations.

The initial bath imparts a yellow or pale chartreuse color, This is aftertreated with a sulfur compound in place to produce the dark black we are familiar with in socks for instance.

Environment – current issues: air heavily polluted with sulfur dioxide from oil-shale burning power plants in northeast ; contamination of soil and groundwater with petroleum products, chemicals at former Soviet military bases ; Estonia has more than 1, 400 natural and artificial lakes, the smaller of which in agricultural areas are heavily affected by organic waste ; coastal sea water is polluted in many locations.

Silver coins or cutlery that are exposed to high sulfur foods such as eggs or the low levels of sulfur species in the air develop a layer of black Silver sulfide.

Calcium and sulfur are also produced by weathering, but acid deposition is an important source of sulfur in many ecosystems.

Proportions by weight are 75 % potassium nitrate ( known as saltpeter or saltpetre ), 15 % softwood charcoal, and 10 % sulfur.

Typical heteroatoms are nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

There are, however, some additional products of the combustion process that include nitrogen oxides and sulfur and some uncombusted hydrocarbons, depending on the operating conditions and the fuel-air ratio.

" In the 14th century, Abu al-Fida writes there are sulfur mines in Jericho, " the only ones in Palestine.

Outputs of the two systems are measured by a pulse-timing circuit and a resistance bridge, followed by a simple analogue computer which feeds a multichannel recorder.

Analog ( or analogue ) television is the analog transmission that involves the broadcasting of encoded analog audio and analog video signal: one in which the information to be transmitted, the brightness and colors of the points in the image and the sound waves of the audio signal are represented by continuous variations of some aspect of the signal ; its amplitude, frequency or phase.

Minsk has a digital metropolitan network ; waiting lists for telephones are long ; fixed line penetration is improving although rural areas continue to be undeserved ; intercity-Belarus has developed fibre-optic backbone system presently serving at least 13 major cities ( 1998 ); Belarus's fibre optics form synchronous digital hierarchy rings through other countries ' systems ; an inadequate analogue system remains operational.

Attempts to find classical or Late Latin influence or analogue in Beowulf are almost exclusively linked with Homer's Odyssey or Virgil's Aeneid.

To this day, it and BBC Parliament remain the only BBC " digital " channels which are made available to analogue cable subscribers.

These are the oldest cultures in the whole of South America that continue to use ayahuasca or analogue brews, such as the ones made from Jurema in the Pernambuco, near Recife or Iquitos in Peru.

Triangle wave or sawtooth oscillators are used in the timebase circuits that generate the horizontal deflection signals for cathode ray tubes in analogue oscilloscopes and television sets.

Class-D amplifiers have been widely used to control motors, and are used almost exclusively for small DC motors, but they are now also used as audio amplifiers, with some extra circuitry to allow analogue to be converted to a much higher frequency pulse width modulated signal.

The terrestrial empire's maritime analogue is the thalassocracy, an empire comprising islands and coasts which are accessible to its terrestrial homeland, such as the Athenian-dominated Delian League.

Principal ideal domains are thus mathematical objects which behave somewhat like the integers, with respect to divisibility: any element of a PID has a unique decomposition into prime elements ( so an analogue of the fundamental theorem of arithmetic holds ); any two elements of a PID have a greatest common divisor ( although it may not be possible to find it using the Euclidean algorithm ).

These types of cheeses are sometimes referred to as analogue pizza cheese and analog pizza cheese.

Broadcast television is very limited because of the high penetration of cable, only TVR 1, TVR 2, Antena 1 and Pro TV are available as analogue broadcasts.

In case of digital video signal having 720 horizontal pixels, only the center 704 pixels contain actual 4: 3 or 16: 9 image, and the 8 pixel wide stripes from either side are called nominal analogue blanking and should be discarded before displaying the image.

Nominal analogue blanking should not be confused with overscan, as overscan areas are part of the actual 4: 3 or 16: 9 image.

On the sphere, points are defined in the usual sense, but the analogue of " line " may not be immediately apparent.

Many television stations are now in the process of converting from analogue ( NTSC, PAL or SECAM ) broadcast, to digital TV ( ATSC broadcast, DVB or ISDB ).

Trip hop production is historically lo-fi, relying on analogue recording equipment and instrumentation, although more traditional instruments such as electric guitars and drum kits are common features.

There are five major analogue networks-BBC One, BBC Two, ITV, Channel 4 and Channel 5.

MiniDisc Walkmans are able to play and record MiniDiscs from digital and analogue sources, such as live audio from their microphone inputs.

Additionally, where clocked digital systems interface to analogue systems or systems that are driven from a different clock, the digital system can be subject to metastability where a change to the input violates the set-up time for a digital input latch.

" That these tutelary spirits are presented by the " itiriti snake " makes for a close analogue with the Seraph who endowed Francis of Assisi with his stigmata.

Even small levels of crosstalk are unacceptable on analogue telecommunications circuits since speech crosstalk is still intelligible down to quite low levels.

Continuing Puzo's habit, as seen in The Godfather, of featuring characters who are close analogues of real life events and public figures ( as Johnny Fontane is an analogue of Frank Sinatra ), Winegardner features in his two Godfather novels analogues of Joseph, John, and Robert Kennedy, as well as an analogue for alleged organized crime figure Carlos Marcello ( Carlo Tramonti ).