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Page "Desertification" ¶ 17
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absence and investment
The agricultural sector is hampered by the absence of modern farming equipment and techniques, erratic rainfall, exhausted soils, and lack of financial services and investment.
Some places do however attract inward investment due to their relative remoteness, for example a company wanting to recruit personnel with relatively common skills might deliberately relocate to an area where wage rates are relatively low, a factor that could arise because of the absence of similar jobs or localised underemployment.
In the absence of significant, decentralized allocation of resources within these economies, however, production specialization can be brought about only through the mechanism of the national plan and the investment decisions incorporated in it.
* Accelerated investment effect — even in absence of agency costs, levered firms use to invest faster because of the existence of default risk.
In the absence of patents and other intellectual property law, the sunk cost investment in research behind an invention could only earn a quasi-rent to the extent that secrecy or intellectual property protections inhibited competitors from freely utilizing the results of the research.
Similarly, investment in the tourism infrastructure of Bodh Gaya, the most revered place of the Buddhists the world over, is rather conspicuous by its absence.
Although output continued to grow during the 1840s, the best land had been occupied in the absence of substantial investment in fencing and water supplies.

absence and contributes
The absence of any form of paving between the headstone rows contributes to the simplicity of the cemetery designs.
In its absence, neutrophil elastase is free to break down elastin, which contributes to the elasticity of the lungs, resulting in respiratory complications such as emphysema, or COPD ( chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ) in adults and cirrhosis in adults or children.
In many animals, however, the partial absence of melanin contributes to superior night vision.
The absence of telephone and electric poles contributes to the aesthetic appeal of the municipality.
One basic point of these perspectives is that a libertarian or emancipatory outlook requires openness of social space, tolerance or celebration of difference, and opposition to arbitrary authority ; an absence of such an outlook contributes to social closure and exclusion, thus producing social effects similar to a fascist regime ( e. g., oppression of minorities and lack of basic liberties ).

absence and these
The possibility that the absence or presence of these shunts is species-dependent is therefore inferred.
The nightmare of a clash between those in trouble in Africa, exacerbated by the difficulties, changes, and tragedies facing them, and other allies who intellectually and emotionally disapprove of the circumstances that have brought these troubles about, has been conspicuous by its absence.
In the absence of other evidence to show the origin of these curious relics of antiquity the occurrence of a name known as Basilidian on patristic authority has not unnaturally been taken as a sufficient mark of origin, and the early collectors and critics assumed this whole group to be the work of Gnostics.
In the absence of reliable statistics all these connections remain speculative.
White spots are sometimes present below the eyes, and there may be white markings on the legs and back ; the absence or presence of these white markings may be indicative of distinct races.
A subsequent review of these tests by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act Scientific Advisory Panel points out that while " the negative results decrease the probability that the Cry9C protein is the cause of allergic symptoms in the individuals examined ... in the absence of a positive control and questions regarding the sensitivity and specificity of the assay, it is not possible to assign a negative predictive value to this "
The use of chromium-containing dietary supplements is controversial owing to the absence of any verified biological role, the expense of these supplements, and the complex effects of their use.
It is concerned with these processes even when they operate in the absence of relevant stimulation, as in images and hallucinations ...
One of the problems facing these full-time teachers is the absence of international governing body for the certification or licenture of English language teachers.
Not only are hole information signs critical, but way-finding signs and informational signs can make a good course great, and the absence of these can make a good course bad.
Other vowels, or the absence of vowels, require modification of these consonants or their own letters:
This yields a useful expression for the average power generation for these devices in the absence of chemical reactions
Additional seizure types appear, most often these are myoclonic, atypical absence, and complex-partial seizures.
Whoever, therefore, shall dare molest or seize these during the absence of their owners, shall incur excommunication.
Early Western travelers, whether to Persia, Turkey or China frequently remark on the absence of changes in fashion there, and observers from these other cultures comment on the unseemly pace of Western fashion, which many felt suggested an instability and lack of order in Western culture.
One factor in the social anatomy of these governments had been the retention of a very substantial share in political power by the landed elite, the Junkers, resulting from the absence of a revolutionary breakthrough by the peasants in combination with urban areas.
Of these two mechanisms, Stokes diapir was favoured for many years in the absence of a reasonable alternative.
It is also distinguished from the works of these artists by the comparative absence of underlying motives or sentiment.
Israel Finkelstein proposed that the oval or circular layout that distinguishes some of the earliest highland sites, and the notable absence of pig bones from hill sites, could be taken as a marker of ethnicity, but others have cautioned that these can be a " common-sense " adaptation to highland life and not necessarily revelatory of origins.
Behe asserts that the absence of any one of these proteins causes the flagella to fail to function, and that the flagellum " engine " is irreducibly complex as if we try to reduce its complexity by positing an earlier and simpler stage of its evolutionary development, we get an organism which functions improperly.
Led by Monroe and Edmund Pendleton, these " federalists who are for amendments ," criticized the absence of a bill of rights and worried about surrendering taxation powers to the central government.
In many cases these were levied in the absence of any actual military campaign, which ran counter to the original idea that scutage was an alternative to actual military service.
In the absence of monkeys and other competitors, these primates have adapted to a wide range of habitats and diversified into numerous species.

absence and zones
However, compared to leaders of face-to-face teams, virtual team leaders face the following difficulties: ( a ) logistical problems, including coordinating work across different time zones and physical distances ; ( b ) interpersonal issues, including an ability to establish effective working relationships in the absence of frequent face-to-face communication ; and ( c ) technological difficulties, including appropriate technology and ease-of-use.
As with the absence of specific level zones, this creates a higher degree of unpredicatability than in most games of this type.
He particularly pointed to the absence of Drosera species from almost all arid climate zones, countless rainforests, the American Pacific Coast, Polynesia, the Mediterranean region, and North Africa, as well as the scarcity of species diversity in temperate zones, such as Europe and North America.
At the landing zones, Brigadier Hicks was informed that in Urquhart's and Lathbury's absence, he was acting divisional commander.
They are location of the disease into zones ( 1, 2, and 3 ), the circumferential extent of the disease based on the clock hours ( 1-12 ), the severity of the disease ( stage 1-5 ) and the presence or absence of " Plus Disease ".
The major differences between the two zones were the low abundance or absence of diadromous migratory fish ( except eels ) and the greater abundance of short-finned eel and trout in the upper catchment, and the greater abundance of Australian smelt, congoli and long-finned eel below Snowy Falls.
The ocean can be conceptualized as being divided into various zones, depending on depth, and presence or absence of sunlight.
The final consists of ten shots, and the score zones are divided into tenths ( by means of a special gauge, in the absence of automatic scoring devices ), so that each hit can give up to 10. 9 points.

1.258 seconds.