However, for quasi-equilibrium systems ( e. g. spins out of equilibrium with the electromagnetic field ) this argument does not apply, and negative effective temperatures are attainable.

Philosopher G. H. R. Parkinson notes a common objection to Kant's argument: that what ought to be done does not necessarily entail that it is possible.

However, this argument does not necessarily apply to bacteria.

The beauty of his argument is that the final result does not depend upon which forces are involved in setting up the dynamic equilibrium.

The best argument for rule-consequentialism is that it does a better job than its rivals of matching and tying together our moral convictions, as well as offering us help with our moral disagreements and uncertainties "

Proponents argued that the name Dominion Day was a holdover from the colonial era, an argument given some impetus by the patriation of the Canadian Constitution in 1982, and others asserted that an alternative was needed as the term does not translate well into French.

Although it was originally presented in reaction to the statements of artificial intelligence researchers, it is not an argument against the goals of AI research, because it does not limit the amount of intelligence a machine can display.

The argument applies only to digital computers and does not apply to machines in general.

According to one argument, the " receiving " culture does not necessarily perceive this link, but instead absorbs the foreign culture passively through the use of the foreign goods and services.

One objection to the argument is that it leaves open the question of why the First Cause is unique in that it does not require a cause.

An objection against the theist implication of the proposition is that even if one accepts the argument as a proof of a First Cause, it does not identify that First Cause with God.

The argument does not go on to ascribe to the First Cause some of the basic attributes commonly associated with, for instance, a theistic God, such as immanence or omnibenevolence.

He also presents an argument against qualia ; he argues that the concept is so confused that it cannot be put to any use or understood in any non-contradictory way, and therefore does not constitute a valid refutation of physicalism.

A final argument is the Zoo hypothesis, which states that superintelligent extraterrestrial life exists and does not contact life on Earth to allow for its natural evolution and development.

This argument is embodied in the Copernican principle, which states that the Earth does not occupy a unique position in the Universe, and the mediocrity principle, which holds that there is nothing special about life on Earth.

It does have a notion of " generator ", which amounts to a function accepting a function as an argument, and, since it is an assembly-level language, code can be used as data, so IPL can be regarded as having higher-order functions.

Bertrand Russell noted: " The argument does not, to a modern mind, seem very convincing, but it is easier to feel convinced that it must be fallacious than it is to find out precisely where the fallacy lies.

For if this argument works, then any property that has changed from the last time we looked at a thing would mean that the thing does not exist anymore, and there is a new thing in its place.

One line of argument in favor of externalism begins with the observation that if what justified our beliefs failed to eliminate significantly the risk of error, then it does not seem that knowledge would be attainable as it would appear that when our beliefs did happen to be correct, this would really be a matter of good fortune.

But his argument is that all men are sinners ; that they are so through original depravity ; that this original depravity may be overcome by the grace of God, and he adds that he does not know but that Mary may have had sufficient grace to overcome sin " of every sort " ( omni ex parte ).

Irreducible complexity is not an argument that evolution does not occur, but rather an argument that it is " incomplete ".

The judge in the Dover trial wrote " By defining irreducible complexity in the way that he has, Professor Behe attempts to exclude the phenomenon of exaptation by definitional fiat, ignoring as he does so abundant evidence which refutes his argument.

Behe has been accused of using an " argument by lack of imagination ", and Behe himself acknowledges that a failure of current science to explain how an " irreducibly complex " organism did or could evolve does not automatically prove the impossibility of such an evolution.

* " By defining irreducible complexity in the way that he has, Professor Behe attempts to exclude the phenomenon of exaptation by definitional fiat, ignoring as he does so abundant evidence which refutes his argument.

A minority argument for a date between AD 37 and AD 61 for the Gospel typically suggests that Luke's address to " Most Excellent Theophilus ," may be a reference to the Roman-imposed High Priest of Israel between AD 37 and AD 41, Theophilus ben Ananus.

Ignoratio elenchi, also known as irrelevant conclusion, irrelevant thesis or fallacy of distraction, is the informal fallacy of presenting an argument that may in itself be valid, but does not address the issue in question.

Since Paley is often read in university courses that address the philosophy of religion, the timing of his design argument has sometimes perplexed modern philosophers.

claim that mathematics does not address the central point in Zeno's argument, and that solving the mathematical issues does not solve every issue the paradoxes raise.

In C, C ++, and Go, a prefix "&" is a unary operator denoting the address in memory of the argument, e. g..

Shroeder's argument ( which rests on the hypothesis that The Shrew was not written until at least 1597 ) was based on an analysis of parallel passages ( some of which had been used by Hickson to argue the bad quarto theory ) and chronological problems within both plays to show that there was no need for an Ur-Shrew theory or a bad quarto theory, when a source theory could address all the problems raised by comparing the two plays.

However, the argument fails to address natural evil, and it presupposes a libertarianist, incompatibilist view of free will.

During oral argument, the members of the Court often use the formal address " General.

each of which took a machine address as an argument, loaded the corresponding word from memory, and extracted the appropriate bits.

Stokes, however, in a letter published some years after the delivery of this address, stated that he had failed to take one essential step in the argument — not perceiving that emission of light of definite wavelength not merely permitted, but necessitated, absorption of light of the same wavelength.

In the second part of the article, he generalizes this argument against universals to address concepts as a whole.

" An SMTP server MAY verify that the domain name argument in the EHLO command actually corresponds to the IP address of the client.

Test takers are expected to address the logical flaws of the argument, not to provide a personal opinion on the subject.

Grimké ’ s Letters are widely recognized as an early feminist argument, although only two of the letters address feminism and women ’ s suffrage.

Situations where the address of the loop variable is passed as an argument to a subroutine make it very difficult to check, because the routine's behavior is in general unknowable to the compiler.

Rather than specifying the address of the next instruction to execute, as in a direct branch, the argument specifies where the address is located.

Although Post generally agrees with Lessig's argument, he does point out that copyrights are property rights and " property rights are, as a general rule, a good thing " and that Lessig does not do enough in his book to address this side of the debate.

They do this by adding additional records to their existing DNS information: every domain name or host that has an A record or MX record should have an SPF record specifying the policy if it is used either in an email address or as HELO / EHLO argument.

When used interactively by invoking it without arguments or when the first argument is -( minus sign ) and the second argument is host name or internet address of name server, the user issues parameter configurations or requests when presented with the nslookup prompt (). When no arguments are given, then the command queries to default server. The -( minus sign ) invokes subcommands which are specified on command line and should precede nslookup commands.

In non-interactive mode i. e. when first argument is name or internet address of the host being searched, parameters and the query are specified as command line arguments in the invocation of the program.

Nevertheless, the U. S. Supreme Court declined in the Dartmouth case to address that aspect of Webster's argument, the New Hampshire Supreme Court had already rejected it, and the U. S. Supreme Court would later contradict Webster's rationale.