The 1976 definition of the astronomical unit was incomplete, in particular because it does not specify the frame of reference in which time is to be measured, but proved practical for the calculation of ephemerides: a fuller definition that is consistent with general relativity was proposed, and " vigorous debate " ensued until in August 2012 the International Astronomical Union adopted the current definition of 1 astronomical unit = 149597870700 meters.

At a summit in Aleppo, Syria, in 1997, the World Council of Churches ( WCC ) proposed a reform in the calculation of Easter which would have replaced the present divergent practices of calculating Easter with modern scientific knowledge taking into account actual astronomical instances of the spring equinox and full moon based on the meridian of Jerusalem, while also following the Council of Nicea position of Easter being on the Sunday following the full moon.

Several methods of calculation have been proposed, and although there may be small differences in the numerical values of the electronegativity, all methods show the same periodic trends between elements.

The most commonly used method of calculation is that originally proposed by Linus Pauling.

Sanderson has also noted the relationship between Mulliken electronegativity and atomic size, and has proposed a method of calculation based on the reciprocal of the atomic volume.

This argument, first proposed by Max Weber, says that the efficient exchange and use of resources can be maintained only through the price mechanism in free markets ( see economic calculation problem ).

Recently, Francis and Anderson proposed that a systematic effect on Hipparcos parallax errors for stars in clusters biases calculation using the weighted mean, and gave a Hipparcos parallax distance of 126 pc, and photometric distance 132 pc based on stars in the AB Doradus, Tucana-Horologium and Beta Pictoris moving groups, which are similar in age and composition to the Pleiades.

For the calculation of Lyapunov exponents from limited experimental data, various methods have been proposed.

For a more accurate calculation at a higher concentration, Ge and Wang ( 2010 ) proposed a new equation:

Nevill proposed two ambitious projects: mathematical investigation of terms of long period resulting from planetary action and the actual calculation of every term of long period exceeding a maximum amplitude of 0. 1 arc sec.

These are considerably more demanding computationally even with the efficient methods Hartree proposed for the calculation of exchange contributions.

In case of calculation of boiling point elevation of high concentration solution, Ge and Wang ( 2010 ) proposed a new and easy-to-use equation:

The same idea was proposed, without calculation, by Lewis Carroll in 1893 in Sylvie and Bruno Concluded.

She was overwhelmed by the splendor of the Russian Court and frightened by the vicious intrigues waged there with cold calculation.

Jakow Trachtenberg ( 17 June 1888-1953 ) was a Russian Jewish mathematician who developed the mental calculation techniques called the Trachtenberg system.

In 2005, ParaView ( based on VTK ) was used for real-time rendering of a ZSU-23-4 Russian Anti-Aircraft vehicle being hit by a planar wave, with 2. 5 billion cell calculation, in the United States Army Research Laboratory.

Insular Christianity used a calculation table ( Celtic-84 ) that was similar to one approved by Saint Jerome.

" Millions Now Living Will Never Die " contains some of the earliest doctrinal changesNewspaper advertisement for Rutherford's " Millions " lecture. In the February 1918 discourse " Millions Now Living Will Never Die " ( printed in booklet form in May 1920 ) a revision of Russell's calculation of a " Jubilee type " was presented, changing it from 1875 to 1925, despite Russell's rejection of such a change a few months prior to his death.

*< cite id = morrste2004 > L V Morrison, F R Stephenson ( 2004 ), " Historical values of the Earth's clock error ΔT and the calculation of eclipses ", Journal for the History of Astronomy ( ISSN 0021-8286 ), vol.

The loop price has several components built into it, including the mileage calculation ( performed in V / H coordinates, not standard GPS coordinates ) and the telco piece.

The unit cell volume ( V < sub > cell </ sub >) may be calculated from the unit cell parameters, whose determination is the first step in an X-ray crystallography experiment ( the calculation is performed automatically by the structure determination software ).

The suggested calculation method was backed by such historians as Brian Davies ( University of Texas at San Antonio, USA ), N. Smirnov, A. Pankov, O. Kurbatov ,, М. Krom, and V. Penskoy.

He joined a group working on anti-aircraft ballistics under A. V. Hill, where he gained considerable skill and an abiding interest in practical calculation and numerical methods for differential equations, executing most of his own work with pencil and paper.

In the previous section it was assumed that acceleration remains constant over a small timestep Δt so that the calculation reduces to simply the addition of V × Δt to R and so forth.

The Madelung constant shall allow for the calculation of the electric potential V < sub > i </ sub > of all ions of the lattice felt by the ion at position r < sub > i </ sub >

On a practical level, in peritoneal dialysis the calculation of Kt / V is often relatively easy because the fluid drained is usually close to 100 % saturated with urea, i. e. the dialysate has equilibriated with the body.

Also, Kt / V permits calculation of the urea generation rate, which can give clues about a patient's protein intake.

If in any one calculation Ptolemy had had to invoke 83 epicycles all at once, while Copernicus never required more than one third this number, then ( in the sense obvious to Margenau ) Ptolemaic astronomy would be simpler than Copernican.

Sometimes it is necessary to roughly calculate the square inch area of the opening but the calculation can usually be made with sufficient accuracy that it won't affect the final computation.

This calculation results in an enthalpy rise which is somewhat high because it assumes a mass flow equally distributed over the plug cross section whereas in reality the mass velocity is expected to be smaller in the regions of higher temperatures.

Although the Af calculation is obvious by analogy with that for gravitational field and osmotic pressure, it is interesting to confirm it by a method which can be generalized to include related effects.

The mass scale used in Table 5-1 was derived on the assumption that the motion of the glowing trail is related to the momentum transfer to the trail by the meteorite, permitting the calculation of the mass if the velocity is known ( Cook and Whipple, 1958 ).

In the final analysis, then, the user becomes either a bull or a bear in a given instance, notwithstanding any amount of forethought and calculation, however elaborate.

indeed, that it would be limited to a finding of the total annual operating and capital costs of the business, followed by a calculation of this total in terms of annual cost per kilowatt-hour of consumption.

Every calculation has been made independently by two workers and checked by one of the editors.

At each step of the calculation the operating variables of only one stage need be varied.

When Af has been found it may be transferred into the storage location of Af and the whole calculation repeated.

Of course, in prudential calculation, in balancing the good directly intended and done against the evil unintended and indirectly done, no greater precision can be forthcoming than the subject allows.

Presumably, if the reverse is the case and the good effect is more certain than the evil result that may be forthcoming, not only must the good and the evil be prudentially weighed and found proportionate, but also calculation of the probabilities and of the degree of certainty or uncertainty in the good or evil effect must be taken into account.

The normal method of calculation in ancient Rome, as in Greece, was by moving counters on a smooth table.

The 1 / 4 abacus, which is suited to decimal calculation, appeared circa 1930, and became widespread as the Japanese abandoned hexadecimal weight calculation which was still common in China.

The use of the soroban is still taught in Japanese primary schools as part of mathematics, primarily as an aid to faster mental calculation.

Algorithms are used for calculation, data processing, and automated reasoning.

" For some people, a program is only an algorithm if it stops eventually ; for others, a program is only an algorithm if it stops before a given number of calculation steps.

There are typically three mathematical forms for the radial functions R ( r ) which can be chosen as a starting point for the calculation of the properties of atoms and molecules with many electrons.

The calculation of ephemerides also requires a consideration of the effects of general relativity.

Swedish engineers Georg and Edvard Scheutz, inspired by a description of the difference engine, created a mechanical calculation device based on the design in 1853.

Traditional survey methods of measurement and calculation have been replaced by inertial orientation and navigators and GPS.

For normal calculation a number zero is often needed, here most notably when calculating the number of years in a period that spans the epoch ; the end years need only be subtracted from each other.

From Emperor Claudius ( reigned AD 41 – 54 ) onwards, Varro's calculation ( see below ) superseded other contemporary calculations.