This was the first $ 50 coin issued by the U. S. Mint and no higher was produced until the production of the $ 100 platinum coins in 1997.

This coin was struck by Alexios during his war against Robert Guiscard.

The thermosetting phenolic resin was at one point considered for the manufacture of coins, due to a shortage of traditional material ; in 1943, Bakelite and other non-metal materials were tested for usage for the one cent coin in the US before the Mint settled on zinc-coated steel.

The first international convention for coin collectors was held 15 – 18 August 1962, in Detroit, Michigan, and was sponsored by the American Numismatic Association and the Royal Canadian Numismatic Association.

This was more common on older coins because the coin dies were hand carved.

By the mid 20th century, with the growing market for rare coins, the Sheldon system was adopted by the American Numismatic Association and most coin professionals in the North America.

A five-centime coin was known as a sou, i. e. a solidus or shilling.

This was to assure the individual taking the coin that he was getting a certain known weight of precious metal.

The Pilier des nautes links him with sailors and with commerce, suggesting that he was also associated with material wealth as does the coin pouch from the Cernunnos of Rheims ( Marne, Champagne, France )— in antiquity, Durocortorum, the civitas capital of the Remi tribe — and the stag vomiting coins from Niedercorn-Turbelslach ( Luxembourg ) in the lands of the Treveri.

Shortly following his accession as Emperor, Domitian bestowed the honorific title of Augusta upon Domitia, while their son was deified, appearing as such on the reverse of coin types from this period.

The reverse depicts the Roman goddess Minerva, who was Domitian's favoured deity, and appeared on numerous coin types throughout his reign.

This was contained within a large box, and only permitted the images to be viewed by one person at a time looking into it through a peephole, after starting the machine by inserting a coin.

Hercules was on the coin of the Republic.

Also the language on the coin with Hercules was far different than the rhetoric of pre-revolutionary depictions.

In the New Testament period, the only golden coin, the aureus, was worth approximately 3, 200 of the smallest bronze coin, the lepton ( translated into Latin as minuti ); while the Roman standard silver coin, the denarius, was worth 128 leptons.

Cleveland and Treasury Secretary Daniel Manning stood firmly on the side of the gold standard, and tried to reduce the amount of silver that the government was required to coin under the Bland-Allison Act of 1878.

The question was, " Ronni flipped a coin three times and in all cases heads came up.

The new system consisted of five coins: the aureus / solidus, a gold coin weighing, like its predecessors, one-sixtieth of a pound ; the argenteus, a coin weighing one ninety-sixth of a pound and containing ninety-five percent pure silver ; the follis, sometimes referred to as the laureatus A, which is a copper coin with added silver struck at the rate of thirty-two to the pound ; the radiatus, a small copper coin struck at the rate of 108 to the pound, with no added silver ; and a coin known today as the laureatus B, a smaller copper coin struck at the rate of 192 to the pound.

The researchers gave their participants a choice: they could either bet on the outcome of a series of coin tosses, use an " expert " opinion to sway their decision, or choose a risk-free alternative instead for a smaller financial reward.

In 1955, bronze 50 centavos were introduced, along with smaller 5-peso coins and a new 10-peso coin.

1968 – 1981 reverse ( coin shown is larger size, withdrawn in 1991 ) 1982 – 2008 reverse ( coin shown is smaller size, introduced in 1990 )

1982 – 2008 reverse ( coin shown is smaller size, introduced in 1992 )

For most of its period of production the coin weighed 16. 7-16. 8 grams and was 31-32 millimetres in diameter, although the coins of Charles II were about 0. 1 grams lighter and 1 millimetre smaller.

The Byzantine monetary system changed during the 7th century when the 40 nummi ( also known as the follis ), now significantly smaller, became the only bronze coin to be regularly issued.

There were numerous bronze equestrian portraits ( particularly of the emperors ) in ancient Rome, but they did not survive because they were melted down for reuse of the alloy as coin, church bells, or other, smaller projects ( such as new sculptures for Christian churches ); the standing Colossus of Barletta lost parts of his legs and arms to Dominican bells in 1309.

Roman imperial coin with the head of Tranquillina on the obverse, struck c. 241 when her marriage to Gordian III is depicted on the reverse in smaller scale ; the coin exhibits the obverse " head " or front and reverse " tail " or back convention that still dominates much coinage today

The solidus was a larger diameter and flatter coin, while the aureus was smaller, thicker and similar to the denarius in fabric.

The large, copper 5 cents coins was replaced in 1909 by a much smaller cupro-nickel coin which was square with rounded corners.

Ticket machines on trams in Melbourne, for example, often run out of change when passengers use a higher ratio of $ 2 and 50c coins, depleting the ticket machine of smaller coin denominations ( 10c, 20c ).

In 1991, bronze-plated steel replaced bronze in the 5 thebe, nickel-plated steel replaced cupro-nickel in the 10, 25 and 50 thebe and the 1 pula changed to a smaller, nickel-brass, equilateral-curve seven-sided coin.

Public reaction to the coin was primarily negative, with complaints that the coin, smaller than previous dollar coins ( which were also unpopular ), was too easily confused with the Washington quarter.

Later the tradition of Groschen was dropped in most states while others continued to mint only coins smaller than the original coin.

In 1919, with a purchase power of the lira reduced to 1 / 5 of that of 1914, the production of all earlier coin types except for the nickel 20 centesimi halted, and smaller, copper 5 and 10 centesimi and nickel 50 centesimi coins were introduced, followed by nickel 1 and 2 lire pieces in 1922 and 1923, respectively.

Nickel-plated steel replaced copper-nickel in the 5, 10, and 25 cent coins in 1991 with a smaller size and seven-sided shape for the 25 cent coin.

The metals for the bi-metallic coin would be lighter and thinner than those produced anywhere in the world.

In 182 BCE, Lü Zhi issued a bronze coin that was much lighter in weight than previous coins.

The coin was introduced during the second coinage ( 1344-1346 ) of King Edward III, when the coin weighed 138. 5 grains ( 9. 0 grams ); during the king's third coinage ( 1346-1351 ) the weight of the coin was reduced to 128. 5 grains ( 8. 3 grams ), while in his fourth coinage ( 1351-1377 ) it became even lighter, at 120 grains ( 7. 8 grams ).

A fake made from lead to exactly the same thickness and diameter as a genuine sovereign would be 35 % lighter than the genuine coin.

Apollodotus experimented with different coin standards for his silver, until he settled for a standard lighter than the Attic which would prevail for centuries, though later rulers usually struck round coins instead of the square ( typically Indian ) shape of most of Apollodotus ' silver.

In coin collecting, the condition of a coin is paramount to its value ; a high-quality example is often worth many times more than a poor example.

When evaluating a coin, the following — often subjective — factors may be considered: 1 ) " eye appeal " or the aesthetic interest of the coin ; 2 ) dents on the rim ; 3 ) unsightly scratches or other blemishes on the surface of the coin ; 4 ) luster ; 5 ) toning ; 6 ) level of detail retained, where a coin with full details obviously is valued higher than one with worn details.

Coins made for paying bills and general monetized use are usually used for lower-valued units, and banknotes for the higher values ; also, in many money systems, the highest value coin made for circulation is worth less than the lowest-value note.

Exceptions to the rule of coin face-value being higher than content value, also occur for some bullion coins made of silver or gold ( and, rarely, other metals, such as platinum or palladium ), intended for collectors or investors in precious metals.

Coins may be minted that have fiat values lower than the value of their component metals, but this is never done intentionally and initially for circulation coins, and happens only in due course later in the history of coin production due to inflation, as market values for the metal overtake the fiat declared face value of the coin.

This practice could be sustained only by requisitioning precious metals from private citizens in exchange for state-minted coin ( of a far lower value than the price of the precious metals requisitioned ).

When people are asked to make up a random-looking sequence of coin tosses, they tend to make sequences where the proportion of heads to tails stays closer to 0. 5 in any short segment than would be predicted by chance ( insensitivity to sample size ); Kahneman and Tversky interpret this to mean that people believe short sequences of random events should be representative of longer ones.

For example, specifying the outcome of a fair coin flip ( two equally likely outcomes ) provides less information ( lower entropy ) than specifying the outcome from a roll of a ( six equally likely outcomes ).

When a gift was worth more than 10, 000 Derrik ( Achaemenian gold coin ) the issue was registered in a special office.

That the Constitution of the United States, having delegated to Congress a power to punish treason, counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States, piracies, and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations, and no other crimes, whatsoever ; and it being true as a general principle, and one of the amendments to the Constitution having also declared, that " the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people ," therefore the act of Congress, passed on the 14th day of July, 1798, and intitled " An Act in addition to the act intitled An Act for the punishment of certain crimes against the United States ," as also the act passed by them on the — day of June, 1798, intitled " An Act to punish frauds committed on the bank of the United States ," ( and all their other acts which assume to create, define, or punish crimes, other than those so enumerated in the Constitution ,) are altogether void, and of no force watsoever.

A subject attempts to mentally alter the distribution of the random numbers, usually in an experimental design that is functionally equivalent to getting more " heads " than " tails " while flipping a coin.

For the first time in a Super Bowl, someone other than the game's referee tossed the coin.

States are prohibited from coining money or making anything other than gold or silver coin legal tender for payment of debts and are prohibited from entering into treaties or alliances, although compacts with other states are allowed with the permission of Congress.

Early quarters ( before 1828 ) were slightly larger in diameter and thinner than the current coin.

Usually in a fiat money the value drops if the coin is converted to metal, but in a few cases the value of metals in fiat moneys have been allowed to rise to values larger than the face value of the coin.

For example, suppose somebody proposes that a biased coin is twice as likely to land heads than tails.