Because of independence, the decision whether to use of the axiom of choice ( or its negation ) in a proof cannot be made by appeal to other axioms of set theory.

Some modern historians theorize that Nero's decision to kill Agrippina was prompted by her plotting to set Gaius Rubellius Plautus ( Nero's maternal second cousin ) or Britannicus ( Claudius ' biological son ) on the throne.

In terms of ultra vires actions in the broad sense, a reviewing court may set aside an administrative decision if it is unreasonable ( under Canadian law, following the rejection of the " Patently Unreasonable " standard by the Supreme Court in Dunsmuir v. New Brunswick ), Wednesbury unreasonable ( under British law ), or arbitrary and capricious ( under U. S. Administrative Procedure Act and New York State law ).

As a result, the Fourth Circuit decision remained standing, but the Supreme Court result, being a tie, did not bind any other court and set no national precedent.

Supporters of the decision argue that satellite radio can only be feasibly set up as a continental system, and trying to impose 35 % Canadian content across North America is quite unrealistic.

Thus, in the important Shreveport Cases of 1914, Hughes sustained a decision of the Interstate Commerce Commission voiding intrastate rates set by the Railroad Commission of Texas.

(" Postulate " in Dianetics and Scientology has the meaning of " a conclusion, decision or resolution made by the individual himself ; to conclude, decide or resolve a problem or to set a pattern for the future or to nullify a pattern of the past " in contrast to its conventional meanings.

A decision problem is any arbitrary yes-or-no question on an infinite set of inputs.

Because of this, it is traditional to define the decision problem equivalently as: the set of inputs for which the problem returns yes.

A pattern would not tell the designer how many windows to put in the room ; instead, it would propose a set of values to guide the designer toward a decision that is best for their particular application.

Two unique features set systems engineering apart from other engineering disciplines: ( 1 ) the particular attention devoted to both the physical processes involved and to the decision making components of the industrial environment, and ( 2 ) the wide scope applicability of its systems methodology, not limited to manufacturing industries, but effectively used in all kinds of business organizations.

Armstrong's radio network did not survive the shift into the high frequencies and was set back by the FCC decision.

On 12 May a commission was set up to examine Eiffel's scheme and its rivals and on 12 June it presented its decision, which was that only Eiffel's proposal met their requirements.

Erhard's decision to lift many price controls in 1948 ( despite opposition from both the social democratic opposition and Allied authorities ), plus his advocacy of free markets, helped set the Federal Republic on its strong growth from wartime devastation.

An operational administrative decision should be correct and efficient, and it must be practical to implement with a set of coordinated means.

The task of rational decision making is to select the alternative that results in the more preferred set of all the possible consequences.

The Princess of Wales ' earlier decision to take an infant William to Australia set the precedent for young royal children going on official visits.

Both sides agreed that the IRA's allegiance was to the ( elected ) Dáil of the Irish Republic, but the anti-Treaty side argued that the decision of the Dáil to accept the Treaty ( and set aside the Irish Republic ) meant that the IRA no longer owed that body its allegiance.

Vroom-Yetton-Jago Model focuses on decision making with respect to a feasibility set which is composed of the situational attributes.

Some legal codes may allow unions to place a set of obligations on their members, including the requirement to follow a majority decision in a strike vote.

The fact that there are " many firms " gives each MC firm the freedom to set prices without engaging in strategic decision making regarding the prices of other firms and each firm's actions have a negligible impact on the market.

Intuitively, NP is the set of all decision problems for which the instances where the answer is " yes " have efficiently verifiable proofs of the fact that the answer is indeed " yes ".

In an equivalent formal definition, NP is the set of decision problems where the " yes "- instances can be decided in polynomial time by a non-deterministic Turing machine.

In complexity theory, the class NC ( for " Nick's Class ") is the set of decision problems decidable in polylogarithmic time on a parallel computer with a polynomial number of processors.

: A judicial precedent attaches a specific legal consequence to a detailed set of facts in an adjudged case or judicial decision, which is then considered as furnishing the rule for the determination of a subsequent case involving identical or similar material facts and arising in the same court or a lower court in the judicial hierarchy.

It is an accepted juridical principle in California that a Superior Court decision does not constitute a binding legal precedent.

Only when a decision is rendered by the District Court of Appeal ( or, of course, the Supreme Court ) is a binding precedent established.

But over and beyond the compelling need for a binding precedent decision, I am convinced that the decisions of the Superior Courts which in effect nullify the Secretary's Regulation are not a correct interpretation of the Secretary's power under the Federal law.

Thereafter, the new decision becomes precedent, and will bind future courts.

In time, a rule, known as stare decisis ( also commonly known as precedent ) developed, whereby a judge would be bound to follow the decision of an earlier judge ; he was required to adopt the earlier judge's interpretation of the law and apply the same principles promulgated by that earlier judge if the two cases had similar facts to one another.

Critics of these and other controversial diagnoses often cite the DSM's previous inclusion of homosexuality, and the APA's eventual decision to remove it, as a precedent for current disputes.

The majority opinion constitutes binding precedent on all lower courts ; when faced with very similar facts, they are bound to apply the same reasoning or face reversal of their decision by a higher court.

The first is the rule that a decision made by a superior court, or by the same court in an earlier decision, is binding precedent that the court itself and all its inferior courts are obligated to follow.

If a judge acts against precedent and the case is not appealed, the decision will stand.

Persuasive precedent ( also persuasive authority ) is precedent or other legal writing that is not binding precedent but that is useful or relevant and that may guide the judge in making the decision in a current case is known as persuasive precedent ( or persuasive authority or advisory precedent ).

" Insofar as precedent is concerned, stare decisis is important only for the decision, for the detailed legal consequence following a detailed set of facts.

For example, if a statutory provision or precedent had not been brought to the previous court's attention before its decision, the precedent would not be binding.

Most importantly, precedent can be overruled by a subsequent decision by a superior court or by an Act of Parliament.

The appeal of a decision that does not obey precedent might not occur, however, as the expense of an appeal may prevent the losing party from doing so.

This occurs to justify a court decision on the basis of previous case law as well as to make it easier to use the decision as a precedent for future cases.

By making inroads in the name of law enforcement into the protection which Congress has afforded to the marriage relationship, the Court today continues in the path charted by the recent decision in Wyatt v. United States, 362 U.S. 525, where the Court held that, under the circumstances of that case, a wife could be compelled to testify against her husband over her objection.

Douglas ' provision, which Lincoln opposed, specified settlers had the right to determine locally whether to allow slavery in new U. S. territory, rather than have such a decision restricted by the national Congress.

The outcome was a decision by the 14th International Botanical Congress in 1987 that Amaryllis should be a conserved name ( i. e. correct regardless of priority ) and ultimately based on a specimen of the South African Amaryllis belladonna from the Clifford Herbarium at the British Museum.

In the end, there was a Pentagon review and decision by Congress to stop the awarding of Bronze Stars to personnel outside the combat zone.

* 1939 – Indian Muslims observe a " Day of Deliverance " to celebrate the resignations of members of the Indian National Congress over their not having been consulted over the decision to enter World War II with Britain.

He vetoed hundreds of private pension bills for American Civil War veterans, believing that if their pensions requests had already been rejected by the Pension Bureau, Congress should not attempt to override that decision.

Congress cut off funding for the Braille magazine translation in 1985, but U. S. District Court Judge Thomas Hogan reversed the decision on First Amendment grounds.

Abraham Lincoln, for instance, terminated a treaty without prior Congressional authorization, but Congress retroactively approved his decision at a later point.

The Congress may not, however, amend the Court's original jurisdiction, as was found in Marbury v. Madison, ( the same decision which established the principle of judicial review ).

In that case, the Court held that challenges to a state's republican character are non-justiciable political questions, and that the decision of whether a state is " republican " in conformance with the guarantee clause may be decided only by Congress.

" Many members of Congress criticized the decision of the Court and the House of Representatives unanimously passed a resolution denouncing the Court.

This meant that New York's delegates would not be authorized to declare independence until after Congress had made its decision.

John Dickinson made one last effort to delay the decision, arguing that Congress should not declare independence without first securing a foreign alliance and finalizing the Articles of Confederation.

The Palestinian Arab decision to boycott the 1923 elections for a Legislative Council was made at the fifth Palestinian Congress, at which most of the Arab political organisations were represented.

* 1938: During the first International Youth Congress ( IJK ) in Groet, Netherlands, according to a decision of more than 200 participants from 10 countries the World Youth Organization ( TJO ) was born.

His decision to put off the election, at the time, seen by many as a sign of his domination of the political scene and he ridiculed his opponents by singing old-time music hall star Vesta Victoria's song " Waiting at the Church " at that month's Trades Union Congress meeting: now seen as one of the greatest moments of hubris in modern British politics, but celebrated at the time.

However, the decision by Congress to fund the ILC at only a quarter of the requested $ 60 million significantly reduces the chances that Fermilab or any other U. S. research facility will host the ILC.

On the outbreak of World War II Patel supported Nehru's decision to withdraw the Congress from central and provincial legislatures, contrary to Gandhi's advice, as well as an initiative by senior leader Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari to offer Congress's full support to Britain if it promised Indian independence at the end of the war and install a democratic government right away.

When the decision for independence was announced, it included the condition of a referendum being held in the North West Frontier Province because it was ruled by the Khudai Khidmatgar-backed Congress government of Dr. Khan Sahib.

Congress attempted to grant this power to the president by the Line Item Veto Act of 1996 to control " pork barrel spending ", but in 1998 the US Supreme Court ruled the act to be unconstitutional in a 6-3 decision in Clinton v. City of New York.

Should the Congress resolve the issue in favor of the President, or if the Congress makes no decision within the 21 days allotted, then the President would " resume " discharging all of the powers and duties of his office.

The latter rejected the participation of Jewish and other non-German minorities as members, " unless they prove that they are anxious to develop within themselves a Christian-German spirit " ( a decision of the " Burschenschaft Congress of 1818 ").

In enacting RFRA, Congress had sought to overturn the 1988 Supreme Court decision in Employment Division v. Smith, which had held that the Constitution does not require states to recognize religious exemptions to laws of general applicability.