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economic and case
In any case, anyone who fails to make significant distinction between primary and secondary applications of economic pressure would in principle already have justified that use of economic boycott as a means which broke out a few years ago or was skillfully organized by White Citizens' Councils in the entire state of Mississippi against every local Philco dealer in that state, in protest against a Philco-sponsored program over a national TV network on which was presented a drama showing, it seemed, a `` high yellow gal '' smooching with a white man.
But since this is a world in which people disagree about ends and goals and concerning justice and injustice, and since, in a situation where direct action and economic pressure are called for, the justice of the matter has either not been clearly defined by law or the law is not effectively present, there has to be a morality of means applied in every case in which people take it upon themselves to use economic pressures or other forms of force.
We may now take up for consideration a hard case which seems to require either no action employing economic pressure or else action that would seem to violate the principles set forth above.
This is also the case in countries where liberal economic ideas have been the tradition, such as the United States, and are thus considered conservative.
Consequently, military aggression that results in territorial annexation became increasingly likely to prompt international condemnation, diplomatic censure, a reduction in international aid or the introduction of economic sanction, or, as in the case of 1990 invasion of Kuwait by Iraq, international military intervention to reverse the territorial aggression.
However, because fiat money is backed by government guarantee of a certain amount of goods and services, where the value of this is in turn determined by free market currency exchange rates, similar to the case for the international market exchange values which determines the value of metals which back commodity money, in practice there is very little economic difference between the two types of money ( types of currencies ).
While Gramsci's views argue that culture ( beliefs, perceptions and values ) allows the ruling class to maintain domination, Marx's explanation is along more economic lines, with concepts such as commodity fetishism demonstrating how the ideology of the bourgeoisie ( in this case, the existence of property as a social creation rather than an ' eternal entity ') dominate over that of the working classes.
" Mussolini claimed that Italian Fascism's economic system of corporatism could be identified as state capitalism which he claimed was state socialism " turned on its head ", which in either case involved " the bureaucratisation of the economic activities of the nation.
They proposed – among others – that in a fully competitive economic environment ( as they thought was the case of ecosystems ) the most potent individuals would thrive and in turn society would prosper ( in analogy to the observed biodiversity and abundance of life on earth ).
In any case the development of the camp system followed economic lines.
# Economic rewards: In the case of the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ), many different countries receive economic benefits from membership in the free trade agreement.
As was the case under Justinian's predecessors, the Empire's economic health rested primarily on agriculture.
Murray Bookchin has put it this way " what of the syndicalist ideal of " collectivized " self-managed enterprises that are coordinated by like occupations on a national level and coordinated geographically by " collectives " on a local level ?... Here, the traditional socialist criticism of this syndicalist form of economic management is not without its point: the corporate or private capitalist, " worker-controlled " or not "” ironically, a technique in the repertoire of industrial management that is coming very much into vogue today as " workplace democracy " and " employee ownership " and constitutes no threat whatever to private property and capitalism ... In any case, " economic democracy " has not simply meant " workplace democracy " and " employee ownership.
This has been the case since the collapse of feudalism and is the core reality of modern economic relations.
He argued that bureaucratic political and economic systems emerging in the Middle Ages were essential in the rise of modern capitalism ( including rational book-keeping and organization of formally free labour ), while they were a hindrance in the case of ancient capitalism, which had a different social and political structure based on conquest, slavery, and the coastal city-state.
The ensuing discussion of a potential political deal between Germany and the Soviet Union had to be channeled into the framework of economic negotiations between the two countries, because close military and diplomatic connections, as was the case before mid-1930s, had afterward been largely severed.
In the case of Montalcino, gradual economic decline has recently been reversed by economic growth due to the increasing popularity of the town's famous wine Brunello di Montalcino, made from the sangiovese grosso grapes grown within the comune.
In rem jurisdiction was thus supported by the assumption that the owner of that property, having a concrete economic interest in the property, had a duty to look after the affairs of their property, and would be notified of the pending case by such seizure.
A 109 country investigation based on 33 indicators of economic growth, and human, social and ecological well-being, and a European regional case study '.
State capitalism has also come to refer to an economic system where the means of production are owned privately but the state has considerable control over the allocation of credit and investment, as in the case of France during the period of dirigisme.

economic and for
The general acceptance of the idea of governmental ( i.e., societal ) responsibility for the economic well-being of the American people is surely one of the two most significant watersheds in American constitutional history.
In 1961 the first important legislative victory of the Kennedy Administration came when the principle of national responsibility for local economic distress won out over a `` state's-responsibility '' proposal -- provision was made for payment for unemployment relief by nation-wide taxation rather than by a levy only on those states afflicted with manpower surplus.
Naturally this includes all communication forms, e.g. languages, or any social, political, economic or religious structures employed for such control.
If we grasp this opportunity to build an age of productive partnership between the less fortunate nations and those that have already achieved a high state of economic advancement, we will make brighter the outlook for a world order based upon security and freedom.
Economic analysis was never Trevelyan's strong point and the England of the industrial transformation cries out for economic analysis.
Yet they have accepted most of the extant `` welfare state '' provisions for health, security, and the regulation of economic affairs, and they overwhelmingly approve of the traditional `` liberalism '' of the Bill of Rights.
Our data indicate that these students of today do basically accept the existing institutions of the society, and, in the face of the realities of complex and large-scale economic and political problems, make a wary and ambivalent delegation of trust to those who occupy positions of legitimized responsibility for coping with such collective concerns.
In addition, there are many areas of the human situation besides the impact of science and technology which are examined, for science-fiction dystopias often extrapolate political, social, economic tendencies only indirectly related to science and technology.
In 1947 and 1948 the necessity of massive coordinated efforts to achieve economic recovery led to the formation of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation to supervise and coordinate the uses of American aid under the Marshall Plan.
Confidence in the state's economic future is reflected in the Georgia Power Company's record construction budget for this year.
forecasting economic activity is a hazardous undertaking even for the specialist.
Commerce Secretary Hodges seems to have been cast in the role of pacemaker for official Washington's economic forecasters.
The study of the St. Louis area's economic prospects prepared for the Construction Industry Joint Conference confirms and reinforces both the findings of the Metropolitan St. Louis Survey of 1957 and the easily observed picture of the Missouri-Illinois countryside.
And then there is St. Louis county, where the Democratic leadership has shown little appreciation of the need for sound zoning, of the important relationship between proper land use and economic growth.
In that decade the partisan zeal to defend Mr. Hoover, and the party's failure to anticipate or cope with the depression, caused a great majority of Americans to see the Republican party as cold and lacking in any sympathy for the problems of human beings caught up in the distress and suffering brought on by the economic crash.
This sum spent for foreign economic aid, the peace corps, food for peace, or any other program to solve the problems of the underdeveloped countries would be an investment that would pay off in world peace, increased world trade, and prosperity for every country on the globe.
The only hope which good teachers have for being paid their due is to stop dragging the dead weight of poor teachers up the economic ladder with them.
The pressure for our entry to the Common Market is mounting and we will proceed towards this amalgamated trade union by way of a purely `` economic thoroughfare '', or garden path, with the political ramifications kept neatly in the background.
Since the goal of our international planners is a World Government, this Atlantic Community would mark a giant step in that direction for, once American economic autonomy is absorbed, a larger grouping is a question of time.
But the solution to this dilemma is not the incorporation of the United States into an Atlantic Community or `` economic empire '', but merely what libertarians like Henry Hazlitt and Ludwig Von Mises have been arguing for years: an end to government regulations, an end to government competition in industry, and a realistic depreciation allowance for industry.

economic and taxation
The lack of credible governance was compounded by the fact that most colonies were economic loss-makers at independence, lacking both a productive economic base and a taxation system to effectively extract resources from economic activity.
Taxation in Hong Kong raises revenues from the sale and taxation of land and taxation on the accumulative overall economic growth but not engaged directly in industry and commerce as well as individual ( s ) for profit due to its low tax policy.
" Microeconomics also deals with the effects of national economic policies ( such as changing taxation levels ) on the aforementioned aspects of the economy.
The alliance was economic and military, as the sultans granted France the right of trade within the Empire without levy of taxation.
The Hawke / Keating governments of 1983 – 1996 pursued economic policies and restructuring such as floating the Australian dollar in 1983, reducing tariffs on imports, taxation reforms, moving from centralised wage-fixing to enterprise bargaining, privatisation of publicly-owned companies such as Qantas and the Commonwealth Bank, and deregulation of the banking system.
His economic reforms included restructuring, reorganizing, and rationalizing the entire tax structure, antismuggling and anticorruption campaigns, a livestock census for taxation purposes, the first budget ( in 1922 ), implementing the metric system ( which did not take hold ), establishing the Bank-i-Melli ( National Bank ) in 1928, and introducing the afghani as the new unit of currency in 1923.
The formalization of the struggles over taxation between the monarch and other elements of society ( especially the nobility and the cities ) gave rise to what is now called the Standestaat, or the state of Estates, characterized by parliaments in which key social groups negotiated with the king about legal and economic matters.
Some economists, especially neo-classical economists, argue that all taxation creates market distortion and results in economic inefficiency.
In economic terms, taxation transfers wealth from households or businesses to the government of a nation.
Economic theories of taxation approach the question of how to maximize economic welfare through taxation.
Progressive taxation may reduce economic inequality.
Additionally, progressive taxation can be used to reduce economic inequality in a society.
Defenders of business taxation argue that it is an efficient method of taxing income that ultimately flows to individuals, or that separate taxation of business is justified on the grounds that commercial activity necessarily involves use of publicly established and maintained economic infrastructure, and that businesses are in effect charged for this use.
Tax Law is an area of legal study dealing with the statutory, regulatory, constitutional, and common-law rules that constitute the law applicable to taxation, which is the method by which the government levies on economic transactions.
The resulting economic development would in addition, so it was believed, make social expenditures largely superfluous ... Equally important was it ... to raise the revenue that would still have to be raised in such a way as to deflect economic behaviour as little as possible from what it would have been in the absence of all taxation (' taxation for revenue only ').
And since the profit motive and the propensity to save were considered of paramount importance for the economic progress of all classes, this meant in particular that taxation should as little as possible interfere with the net earnings of business ... As regards indirect taxes, the principle of least interference was interpreted by Gladstone to mean that taxation should be concentrated on a few important articles, leaving the rest free ... Last, but not least, we have the principle of the balanced budget.

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