This encoding was native to the SPARCstation 1 hardware, where SunOS exposed the encoding to application programs through the / dev / audio interface.

IEEE 802. 3ab, which defines the widely used 1000BASE-T interface type, uses a different encoding scheme in order to keep the symbol rate as low as possible, allowing transmission over twisted pair.

Most FLAC applications will generally restrict themselves to encoding / decoding using libFLAC at the file level interface.

Although the Series / 1 uses EBCDIC character encoding internally and locally attached EBCDIC terminals, ASCII based remote terminals and devices could be attached via an I / O card with a RS-232 interface to be more compatible with competing minicomputers.

LilyPond's interface with Pango requires the input character encoding to be UTF-8.

The interface of those adapters ( emulated by all later adapters such as VGA ) was typically limited to single byte character sets with only 256 characters in each font / encoding ( although VGA added partial support for slightly larger character sets ).

This means that at least the simplest softmodem is nothing more than a special purpose sound card with mono DAC / ADC's and a telephone line interface, while all actual signal encoding / decoding ( as well as compression / decompression, error correction etc.

Due to text encoding limitations, the Chinese dictionary cannot be used in the Lion software interface.

The iconv API is the standard programming interface for converting character strings from one character encoding to another in Unix-like operating systems.

** tape interface ( with motor control ), using a variation of the Kansas City standard data encoding scheme

4B3T stands for 4 ( four ) Binary 3 ( three ) Ternary, a line encoding scheme used for ISDN PRI interface.

A competing encoding technique, used for the ISDN basic rate interface where 4B3T is not used, is 2B1Q.

* Cygwin 1. 7 introduced comprehensive support for POSIX locales and many character encodings, whereby the UTF-8 Unicode encoding became the default.

GIF became popular because it used LZW data compression, which was more efficient than the run-length encoding that formats such as PCX and MacPaint used, and fairly large images could therefore be downloaded in a reasonably short time, even with very slow modems.

The text-encoding situation became more and more complex, leading to efforts by ISO and by the Unicode Consortium to develop a single, unified character encoding that could cover all known ( or at least all currently known ) languages.

With the invention of the teletypewriter, telegraphic encoding became fully automated.

The " 2900 " suffix was dropped at System Version 213 ( SV213 ) when ICL launched Series 39 in 1985 as the successor to the original 2900 series ; and the " Open " prefix was added after SV294 when VME became capable of hosting applications written originally for Unix through a UNIX System V Release 3 based subsystem using the ASCII character encoding adapted to run under VME.

As PSTN modem technology advanced, the modulation and encoding schemes became increasingly more complex, thus forcing the hardware used by the modems themselves to increase in complexity.

Early disk drives used very simple encoding schemes, such as RLL ( 0, 1 ) FM code, but higher density RLL ( 2, 7 ) and RLL ( 1, 7 ) codes became the de facto industry standard for hard disks by the early 1990s.

The power of the GPO covered letters delivered by the Post Office, newspapers, books and their printing presses, the encoding of messages on lines used to supply electricity ; the electric telegraph, the electric telephone ( which was originally deemed an electronic post office ); the electric wireless telegraph and the electric wireless telephone which became known as " telephony " and later wireless broadcasting.

In more recent practice, it became typical to encipher a message after first encoding it, so as to provide greater security by increasing the degree of difficulty for cryptanalysts.

Meanwhile, the 7-bit ASCII character set became the industry standard method for encoding alphanumeric characters for teletype machines and computer terminals.

MPEG-1 Audio Layer 2 encoding was derived from the MUSICAM ( Masking pattern adapted Universal Subband Integrated Coding And Multiplexing ) audio codec, developed by Centre commun d ' études de télévision et télécommunications ( CCETT ), Philips, and Institut für Rundfunktechnik ( IRT ) in 1989 as part of the EUREKA 147 pan-European inter-governmental research and development initiative for the development of a system for the broadcasting of audio and data to fixed, portable or mobile receivers ( established in 1987 ).

The issue of which encoding to use can also have political implications, as GB is the official standard of the People's Republic of China and Big5 is a de facto standard of Taiwan.

Despite efforts, none of the encoding schemes have become the de facto standard, and multiple encoding standards are still in use today.

* Codage de canal — des bases théoriques aux turbocodes ( Channel encoding — from theoretical grounds to turbocodes ) by Alain Glavieux with Patrick Adde, Gérard Battail, Ezio Biglieri, Michel Jezequel, Alain Poli, Sandrine Vaton, Ramesh Pyndiah, Annie Picart, Catherine Douillard, and Claude Berrou.

* Procédé de codage correcteurs d ’ erreurs à au moins deux codages convolutifs systématiques en parallèle, procédé de décodage itératif, module de décodage et décodeur correspondents ( Apparatus of error-detecting encoding using at least two systematic convolutive encodings in parallel, process of iterative decoding, and associated decoding module and decoder ) by Claude Berrou ( Institut TELECOM ; Telecom Bretagne ; France Telecom & TDF ), France, April 1992.

* Procédé et dispositif de codage convolutif de blocs de données et procédé et dispositif de décodage correspondents ( Apparatus and devices for the convolutive encoding of data blocks, and associated process and decoding device ) by Claude Berrou and Michel Jezequel ( Institut TELECOM ; Telecom Bretagne ; France Telecom et TDF ), France, April 1996.

* Procédé et dispositif de codage à au moins deux codages en parallèle et permutation améliorée, et procédé et dispositif de décodage correspondents ( Apparatus and device for the encoding with at least two parallel encoders and enhanced permutation, and associated process and decoding device ) by Claude Berrou and Alain Glavieux ( Institut TELECOM ; Telecom Bretagne ; GET ), France, July 1999.

Each format has found its own niche — MPEG1 audio layer 3, abbreviated MP3, was developed for audio encoding of the DVD and has remained a de facto standard for audio encoding.

By 2003 yEnc has become the de facto standard encoding system for binary files on Usenet.

This is exploited in domain registrations under the German TLD for romance language webhosts that offer customized sites, like elforo. de ( theforum. of ), cleverly encoding the site name into the URL path, such as elforo. de / wikipedia, meaning theforum. of / Wikipedia.

Although the Manuel de codage system allows for simple " alphabetic " transliterations, it also specifies a complex method for electronically encoding complete ancient Egyptian texts, indicating features such as the placement, orientation, and even size of individual hieroglyphs.

A book she wrote about the alleged kabbalah encoding of Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote in 1966 has received some attention at that time.

Since 1966, she has written several books about Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote alleged cabalistic encoding.

* I / O ports: Expansion port, tape recorder connector ( 1200 baud variation on the Kansas City standard for data encoding ), aerial TV connector ( RF modulator ), composite video and RGB monitor output

Reading Atari 8-bit 130kB or 180kB disks was possible as well with special software, but the standard Atari 8-bit 90kB format, which used FM rather than MFM encoding, could not be handled by the 1571 hardware without modifying the drive circuitry as the control line that determines if FM or MFM encoding is used by the disc controller chip was permanently wired to ground ( MFM mode ) rather than being under software control.

Since April 2008, the character encoding standard Unicode includes characters that represent the double-six domino tiles in various orientations.

However, using a standard encoding such as ASCII is problematic if a symbol such as ' ß ' needs to be converted but is not in the standard.

The DCMI has established standard ways to refine elements and encourage the use of encoding and vocabulary schemes.

A value expressed using an encoding scheme may thus be a token selected from a controlled vocabulary ( for example, a term from a classification system or set of subject headings ) or a string formatted in accordance with a formal notation, for example, " 2000-12-31 " as the ISO standard expression of a date.

Briefly, the specification calls for picture encoding using the ISO / IEC 15444-1 " JPEG2000 " (. jp2 ) standard and use of the CIE XYZ color space at 12 bits per component encoded with a 2. 6 gamma applied at projection, and audio using the " Broadcast Wave " (. wav ) format at 24 bits and 48 kHz or 96 kHz sampling, controlled by an XML-format Composition Playlist, into an MXF-compliant file at a maximum data rate of 250 Mbit / s.

It retained the entire technical content of the original version of the standard, but enhanced H. 263 capabilities by adding several annexes which can substantially improve encoding efficiency and provide other capabilities ( such as enhanced robustness against data loss in the transmission channel ).

The IHO publishes the international standards related to charting and hydrography, including S-57 IHO Transfer Standard for Digital Hydrographic Data, the encoding standard that is used primarily for electronic navigational charts.

The bearer channel ( B ) is a standard 64 kbit / s voice channel of 8 bits sampled at 8 kHz with G. 711 encoding.

In addition, the following standards, while not sequential advances to the video encoding standard as with MPEG-1 through MPEG-4, are referred to by similar notation:

The standard does not define such elements as the character encoding or the framing of characters, or error detection protocols.

The standard does not define character framing within the data stream, or character encoding.

In the late 1990s, a push to provide an alternative to the standard serialization protocols started: XML was used to produce a human readable text-based encoding.

The standard encoding method uses a simple translation of the fields into a byte stream.

* While SignWriting has a standardized symbol set and a defined character encoding model, SignWriting is not yet part of the Unicode standard.

Unicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems.

Developed in conjunction with the Universal Character Set standard and published in book form as The Unicode Standard, the latest version of Unicode consists of a repertoire of more than 110, 000 characters covering 100 scripts, a set of code charts for visual reference, an encoding methodology and set of standard character encodings, an enumeration of character properties such as upper and lower case, a set of reference data computer files, and a number of related items, such as character properties, rules for normalization, decomposition, collation, rendering, and bidirectional display order ( for the correct display of text containing both right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic and Hebrew, and left-to-right scripts ).

The draft ISO 10646 standard contained a non-required annex called UTF-1 that provided a byte-stream encoding of its 32-bit code points.

The older UCS-2 ( 2-byte Universal Character Set ) is a similar character encoding that was superseded by UTF-16 in version 2. 0 of the Unicode standard in July 1996.

DATR is still used for encoding inheritance networks in various linguistic and non-linguistic domains and is under discussion as a standard notation for the representation of lexical information.