A minor is subject to tax on his own earnings even though his parent may, under local law, have the right to them and might actually have received the money.

The Board of County Commissioners, the Sanitary Commission, the Planning and Zoning Board and other county official bodies use recording machines for all public business in order to prevent law suits and other misunderstandings about what actually happened at their meetings.

Thomas Wallace received a law degree, but never actually practiced law.

At worst, abusing judicial discretion would actually pave the way to a biased decision, rendering obsolete the judicial process in question — rule of law being illicitly subordinated by rule of man under such discriminating circumstances.

Relatively few parts of New York actually permit alcohol sales at all times permissible under state law ; most counties have more restrictive blue laws of their own.

However, no borough was actually created under law until 2005 – 2006, when Neve Monosson and Maccabim-Re ' ut, both communal settlements ( Heb: yishuv kehilati ) founded in 1953 and 1984, respectively, were declared to be autonomous municipal boroughs ( Heb: vaad rova ironi ), within their mergers with the towns of Yehud and Modi ' in.

However, Neve Monosson is the first example of a full municipal borough actually declared under law by the Minister of the Interior, under a model subsequently adopted in Maccabim-Re ' ut as well.

But in conquered or ceded countries, that have already laws of their own, the king may indeed alter and change those laws ; but, till he does actually change them, the ancient laws of the country remain, unless such as are against the law of God, as in the case of an infidel country.

Copyright law recognises the right of an author based on whether the work actually is an original creation, rather than based on whether it is unique ; two authors may own copyright on two substantially identical works, if it is determined that the duplication was coincidental, and neither was copied from the other.

Indeed, in those cases where no clear consensus exists on a given norm, the drafting of criminal law by the group in power to prohibit the behaviour of another group may seem to some observers an improper limitation of the second group's freedom, and the ordinary members of society have less respect for the law or laws in general — whether the authorities actually enforce the disputed law or not.

Thus criminal law grew out what 21st-century lawyers would call torts ; and, in real terms, many acts and omissions classified as crimes actually overlap with civil-law concepts.

* Second level: The apparent opposites are actually two ends of the same bar ( or the North-South vector is split by the East-West vector ) ( or the law of things adjacent )

:" The common law divided participants in a felony into four basic categories: ( 1 ) first-degree principals, those who actually committed the crime in question ; ( 2 ) second-degree principals, aiders and abettors present at the scene of the crime ; ( 3 ) accessories before the fact, aiders and abettors who helped the principal before the basic criminal event took place ; and ( 4 ) accessories after the fact, persons who helped the principal after the basic criminal event took place.

Like the law abolishing the Reichsrat, this law actually violated the Enabling Act, which specifically forbade Hitler from tampering with the presidency.

While falling foul of Godwin's law tends to cause the individual making the comparison to lose their argument or credibility, Godwin's law itself can be abused as a distraction, diversion or even as censorship, fallaciously miscasting an opponent's argument as hyperbole when the comparisons made by the argument are actually appropriate.

By 2006, such was the confusion from these multiple Acts, each amending the others ( and not all of which were ever actually commenced and thus were in the public record but not enforced as actual legislation ); and the amendments of Irish firearms legislation by other Acts ranging from the Wildlife Acts ( mostly relating to hunting law ) to the Road Traffic Acts ( relating to how and where firearms could be transported ) and others ; the large amount of secondary legislation ( Statutory Instruments, which set out regulations, the design of application forms for licences and so forth, as well as the details of when various parts of the Acts came into force ); as well as the introduction of EU firearms law into the canon of Irish legislation ; led the Irish Law Reform Commission to recommend that all the extant legislation be restated a legal process by which all the existing primary and secondary legislation would be read as one and a single document produced as the new Firearms Act ( and all prior Acts would be repealed ).

Congress actually passed an income tax law, although enforcement was sporadic at best.

Although a new electoral law was passed that respected the principle of universal ( male ) suffrage, the stricter residential requirement of the new law actually had the effect of disenfranchising 3, 000, 000 of 10, 000, 000 voters.

The following year, The Guardian challenged the succession law in court, claiming that it violated the European Convention on Human Rights, which provides " The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in this Convention shall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status.

The ICJ held that the U. S. had violated international law by supporting the contras in their rebellion against the Nicaraguan government and by mining Nicaragua's harbors.

The court ruled that the OSP violated article IX, section 1 ( a ) of the Florida Constitution: " Adequate provision shall be made by law for a uniform, efficient, safe, secure, and high quality system of free public schools.

In Goodwin v United Kingdom the Court ruled that a law which still classified post-operative transsexual persons under their pre-operative sex, violated article 12 as it meant that transsexual persons were unable to marry individuals of their post-operative opposite sex.

In popular culture, such as movies and TV shows, this rule is often violated, even by characters who should be trained in gun safety such as military personnel or law enforcement officers.

In 2011, a South African court banned " Dubulu iBhunu ( Shoot the Boer )," a derogatory song degrading Afrikaners, on the basis that it violated a South African law prohibiting speech that demonstrates a clear intention to be hurtful, to incite harm, or to promote hatred.

Though states ( or increasingly, international organizations ) are usually the only ones with standing to address a violation of international law, some treaties, such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights have an optional protocol that allows individuals who have had their rights violated by member states to petition the international Human Rights Committee.

Germany then modified its complaint in the case before the ICJ, alleging furthermore that the U. S. violated international law by failing to implement the provisional measures.

The concept of " Miranda rights " was enshrined in U. S. law following the 1966 Miranda v. Arizona Supreme Court decision, which found that the Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights of Ernesto Arturo Miranda had been violated during his arrest and trial for domestic violence.

The ICJ held that the U. S. had violated international law by supporting the Contras in their rebellion against the Nicaraguan government and by mining Nicaragua's harbors.

On 13 July 2004, the office of the United Nations ' High Commissioner for Human Rights publicly condemned the group, proving that FARC-EP violated article 17 of the additional Protocol II of the Geneva Convention and international humanitarian law, as a result of the 10 July massacre of seven peasants and the subsequent displacement of eighty individuals in San Carlos, Antioquia.

By late 1986, the Mikhail Gorbachev era was stressing anew the importance of individual rights in relation to the state and criticizing those who violated procedural law in implementing Soviet justice.

It is also possible to perform seemingly " forbidden " acts by modifying the relevant technology to such an extent that no law is actually violated.

The Fundamentalist movement: Fundamentalists, wishing to return to basic religious values and law, have in some instances imposed harsh sharia punishments for crimes, curtailed civil rights, and violated human rights.

The law articles that have been violated are art.

When called to the court by a player or team captain, the referee may overrule the umpire's decision if the tennis rules were violated ( question of law ) but may not change the umpire's decision on a question of fact.

In Robinson v. California,, the Court decided that a California law authorizing a 90-day jail sentence for " be addicted to the use of narcotics " violated the Eighth Amendment, as narcotics addiction " is apparently an illness ," and California was attempting to punish people based on the state of this illness, rather than for any specific act.

Justice Antonin Scalia, writing for the majority, applied New York v. United States to show that the law violated the Tenth Amendment.

During the last 15 years this method has been used several times: to confirm a law renouncing prosecution of members of the military who violated human rights during the military regime ( 1973 – 1985 ); to stop privatization of public utilities companies ; to defend pensioners ' incomes ; and to protect water resources.

In 1948, Saudi Arabia did not sign the declaration, arguing it violated Islamic law.

Under most US federal whistleblower statutes, in order to be considered a whistleblower, the federal employee must have reason to believe his or her employer has violated some law, rule or regulation ; testify or commence a legal proceeding on the legally protected matter ; or refuse to violate the law.

The Enabling Act was a special law which gave the Chancellor the power to pass laws by decree without the involvement of the Reichstag.

With more than two decades of pressure on federal authorities to authorize statehood, on February 22, 1889, the U. S. Congress passed the Enabling Act, signed into law by outgoing President Grover Cleveland, authorizing the territories of Washington, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Montana to form state governments.

Speaking generally, there are two approaches in determining whether a federal court will apply a state law: ( 1 ) the Hanna & Rules Enabling Act approach, per when there is a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure and statute that conflicts with a state law ; and ( 2 ) the Byrd-Erie approach when there is not a conflict between a state and federal practice.

Finally, on April 26, 1942, the Reichstag passed a law making Hitler the oberster Gerichtsherr, the supreme judge of the land, giving him power of life and death over every citizen and effectively extending the Enabling Act for the rest of the war.

In India the law was first stated in A K ROY v. State Of Punjab, ( 1986 ) 4 SCC 326, that sub delegation of delegated power is ultra vires to the Enabling Act.