The ketone group is then reduced by means of zinc and ammonium hydroxide.

The ester group is then hydrolyzed by means of lithium hydroxide.

All neurons are electrically excitable, maintaining voltage gradients across their membranes by means of metabolically driven ion pumps, which combine with ion channels embedded in the membrane to generate intracellular-versus-extracellular concentration differences of ions such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium.

A negative value for the enthalpy change of solution corresponds to an ion that is likely to dissolve, whereas a high positive value means that solvation will not occur.

The tube operates in the " Geiger " region of ion pair generation, which means that almost every ion pair created in the fill gas results in an avalanche of electrons due to the high electric field.

436 kJ / mol ) means that the hydride ion would also be a strong reducing agent

In common usage, this means adding 5 – 10 % of a soluble sodium salt such as sodium carbonate to wet bentonite, mixing well, and allowing time for the ion exchange to take place and water to remove the exchanged calcium.

This means that the transmembrane voltage exactly opposes the force of diffusion of the ion, such that the net current of the ion across the membrane is zero and unchanging.

* Exploration of the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere by means of ion clouds ( 1963 – 1985 )

This means that optical isomers partition identically into lipid, but have differential effects on ion channels and synaptic transmission.

The fact that the current is carried by a corona discharge ( and not a tightly-confined arc ) means that the moving particles are diffusely spread out into an expanding ion cloud, and collide frequently with neutral air molecules.

The prefix thio -, when applied to a chemical, such as an ion, means that an oxygen atom in the compound has been replaced by a sulfur atom.

There are several proposed means of providing propulsion for this material, including solar sails, magnetic sails, mini-magnetospheric plasma propulsion ( which uses a cloud of ionized gas as a magnetic sail ), electric ion thrusters, or mass drivers ( this last method uses a sequence of electromagnets mounted in a line to accelerate a conducting material ).

It is a strong ion exchange resin, which means that it can exchange its chloride anions with anionic bile acids in the gastrointestinal tract and bind them strongly in the resin matrix.

“ This technical breakthrough means we can track subtle changes in brain activity at the level of ion channels and synaptic potentials, which are also the most suitable target sites for drug development in neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychological disorders ,” says Syed, professor and head of the Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, member of the Hotchkiss Brain Institute and advisor to the Vice President Research on Biomedical Engineering Initiative of the U of C.

Although current orbit insertion maneuvers require precisely timed burns of conventional chemical rockets, some headway has been made towards the use of alternative means of stabilizing orbits, such as ion thruster or plasma propulsion engine to achieve the same result using less fuel over a longer period of time.

Bruce Schneier notes that even computationally impractical attacks can be considered breaks: " Breaking a cipher simply means finding a weakness in the cipher that can be exploited with a complexity less than brute force.

They now gathered the various constitutional laws they had passed into a single constitution, showed remarkable strength in choosing not to use this as an occasion for major revisions, and submitted it to the recently restored Louis XVI, who accepted it, writing " I engage to maintain it at home, to defend it from all attacks from abroad, and to cause its execution by all the means it places at my disposal ".

* In the United States, the Department of Homeland Security was created soon after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, as a means to centralize response to various threats.

Accidentally killing noncombatants in the cross fire of battles being fought in the middle of cities is immoral, unless ... refraining from fighting in the Palestinian cities inevitably means the Palestinians will use the safe havens of their cities to plan, prepare and launch ever more murderous attacks on Jewish noncombatants.

The provisional powerful committees pressured the central government through the means of civil disobedience, violence on street, raising slogans against the martial law and attacks on government machines such as police forces.

While peer-to-peer attacks are easy to identify with signatures, the large number of IP addresses that need to be blocked ( often over 250, 000 during the course of a large-scale attack ) means that this type of attack can overwhelm mitigation defenses.

Less frequently, individual strategic attacks are made against ' point ' targets, such as Britain's RAF Bomber Command attacks against the Ruhr dams by means of the bouncing bomb designed by Barnes Wallis in May 1943.

Social engineering and direct computer access ( physical ) attacks can only be prevented by non-computer means, which can be difficult to enforce, relative to the sensitivity of the information.

" which it based on " the many reports describing the policy and practices conducted in the former Yugoslavia, ' ethnic cleansing ' has been carried out by means of murder, torture, arbitrary arrest and detention, extra-judicial executions, rape and sexual assaults, confinement of civilian population in ghetto areas, forcible removal, displacement and deportation of civilian population, deliberate military attacks or threats of attacks on civilians and civilian areas, and wanton destruction of property.

However, a more recent school of thought, led by Francisco Rico, rejects Parker's view, contending instead that the protagonist, Pablos, is a highly unrealistic character, simply a means for Quevedo to launch classist, racist and sexist attacks.

This means that hackers who know about these vulnerabilities ( such as insecure passwords ) can institute denial-of-service attacks, harvest customer data, record conversations and break into voice mailboxes.

For example, say white moves his pawn to a square that attacks the black king ( where attacks means that if white makes two moves in a row, he will be able to take the black king ).

Securing the social infrastructure means offering protection against common security threats such as data tampering, replay attacks and unauthorized access.

In modern warfare, invasion by land often takes place after, or sometimes during, attacks on the target by other means.

In the first known description of beriberi, he wrote, " A certain very troublesome affliction, which attacks men, is called by the inhabitants beriberi ( which means sheep ).

In Italian, catenaccio means " door-bolt ", implying a highly organised and effective backline defence focused on nullifying opponents ' attacks and preventing goal-scoring opportunities.

Following the September 11 attacks, the word madrassa, ( which means " school " in Arabic ) was loaded with negative connotations by Westerners who did not speak Arabic and failed to make the distinction between strictly religious Islamic schools and schools that teach primary education subjects.

From then on, the threat of attacks on the convoys increased, with the Germans preparing to stop the flow of supplies to the USSR with every means at their disposal, including the basing of heavy ships in Norway.

Brazilian President Itamar Franco strongly opposed the UN decision, saying " The Security Council's special powers should not be invoked in an indiscriminate manner in the name of a ' search for more rapid means ' to respond to attacks on democracy, because it violates the basic principles of peaceful co-existence between nations and normal UN legal procedures.

* Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan leaders warned of revenge " by other means " if the United States attacked Afghanistan in retaliation for the September 11th attacks.

Go, which means hard, refers to closed hand techniques or straight linear attacks ; Ju, which means soft, refers to open hand techniques and circular movements.

For example, the 20 year GWP of methane is 72, which means that if the same mass of methane and carbon dioxide were introduced into the atmosphere, that methane will trap 72 times more heat than the carbon dioxide over the next 20 years.

*" Homo -" prefix may be used in organic chemistry trivial names to indicate next higher straight chain homolog i. e. one noncyclic carbon more ( and similarly " dihomo -" meaning two noncyclic carbon more ), and is opposite of the prefix " Nor -" which usually means one noncyclic carbon less.

The position of carbon in the middle of its period in the Periodic Table means that there are precisely enough electrons to fill the energy states.

This means they are capable of trapping enormous amounts of infrared radiations in the atmosphere and can cause a greenhouse effect a thousand times stronger than carbon dioxide.

Photosynthetic organisms are photoautotrophs, which means that they are able to synthesize food directly from carbon dioxide and water using energy from light.

Carbon sequestration in basalt has been studied as a means of removing carbon dioxide, produced by human industrialization, from the atmosphere.

It is a primitive C-type asteroid, which means the surface has a high proportion of carbon ; giving it a dark surface that reflects only 4 % of the light that falls on it.

Carburer means to combine with carbon.

This has led to some scientists advocating iron fertilization as a means to counteract the accumulation of human-produced carbon dioxide ( CO < sub > 2 </ sub >) in the atmosphere.

This means that these substances present a potential carbon source for fungi.

The use of furnaces, space heaters and boilers as means of indoor heating may result in incomplete combustion and the emission of carbon monoxide, NOx, formaldehyde, VOC ’ s and other combustion by-products.

By this means, sodium aluminate is formed ; it is then extracted with water and precipitated either by sodium bicarbonate or by passing a current of carbon dioxide through the solution.

In popular use, the term arc lamp means carbon arc lamp only.

For both of these reasons, RuBisCo needs high carbon dioxide concentrations, which means wide stomatal apertures and, as a consequence, high water loss.

This fertilizing process has been proposed as a means to mitigate the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere.

Swan turned his attention to producing a better carbon filament and the means of attaching its ends.

For example, nanosized beta carbon nitride crystals and nanorods of this material were prepared by means of an approach involving mechanochemical processing.

For companies, telecommuting expands the talent pool, reduces the spread of illness, reduces costs including real-estate footprint, increases productivity, reduces their carbon footprint and energy usage, offers a means of complying with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ( ADA ), reduces turnover and absenteeism, improves employee morale, enhances continuity-of-operations strategies, improves their ability to handle business across multiple time zones, and augments their cultural adaptability.

A carbon audit regime is a means of accounting for quantifiable greenhouse gas control efforts.

Mefloquine is a chiral molecule with two asymmetric carbon centres, which means it has four different stereoisomers.

For example, " green lifestyle " means holding beliefs and engaging in activities that consume fewer resources and produce less harmful waste ( i. e. a smaller carbon footprint ), and deriving a sense of self from holding these beliefs and engaging in these activities.