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Page "Extreme points of the United States" ¶ 62
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meridian and running
The 20 ° East meridian, running south from Cape Agulhas to Antarctica defines its border.
As one component of the World Ocean, the Indian Ocean is delineated from the Atlantic Ocean by the 20 ° east meridian running south from Cape Agulhas, and from the Pacific Ocean by the meridian of 146 ° 55 ' east.
In former times, before the distribution of accurate time signals, it was part of the routine work at any observatory to observe the sidereal times of meridian transit of selected ' clock stars ' ( of well-known position and movement ), and to use these to correct observatory clocks running local mean sidereal time ; but nowadays local sidereal time is usually generated by computer, based on time signals.
* Principal meridian ( PM ): A true meridian running through an initial point, which together with the baseline, form the highest level framework for all rectangular surveys in a given area.
More specifically, all north-south running lines ( all range lines and half of all section lines ), as with the prime meridian, are always established with reference to true, geodetic north.
" The stone was vandalized in the 1980s and replaced with the current marker, as well as an accompanying bronze plaque: " Beginning here, the Willamette meridian was established running north to Puget Sound and south to the California border, and the baseline was established running east to the Idaho border and west to the Pacific Ocean.
The qualifying sea areas for the award of the Pacific Star are the Pacific Ocean ( including the South China Sea ) and the Indian Ocean east of a line running due south from Singapore round the South-East coast of Sumatra, through Christmas Island, and southwards along the meridian of 110 deg East.
It lies north of Mackenzie King Island and is similarly split between Northwest Territories ( larger portion ) and Nunavut, with the border running along the 110th meridian west.
: Beginn at a point on the eastern bank of the Coosa river, where the south boundary line of the Cherokee nation crosses the same ; running from thence down the said Coosa river with its eastern bank according to its various meanders to a point one mile above the mouth of Cedar creek, at Fort Williams, thence east two miles, thence south two miles, thence west to the eastern bank of the said Coosa river, thence down the eastern bank thereof according to its various meanders to a point opposite the upper end of the great falls, ( called by the natives Woetumka ,) thence east from a true meridian line to a point due north of the mouth of Ofucshee, thence south by a like meridian line to the mouth of Ofucshee on the south side of the Tallapoosa river, thence up the same, according to its various meanders, to a point where a direct course will cross the same at the distance of ten miles from the mouth thereof, thence a direct line to the mouth of Summochico creek, which empties into the Chatahouchie river on the east side thereof below the Eufaulau town, thence east from a true meridian line to a point which shall intersect the line now dividing the lands claimed by the said Creek nation from those claimed and owned by the state of Georgia: Provided, nevertheless, that where any possession of any chief or warrior of the Creek nation, who shall have been friendly to the United States during the war and taken an active part therein, shall be within the territory ceded by these articles to the United States, every such person shall be entitled to a reservation of land within the said territory of one mile square, to include his improvements as near the centre thereof as may be, which shall inure to the said chief or warrior, and his descendants, so long as he or they shall continue to occupy the same, who shall be protected by and subject to the laws of the United States ; but upon the voluntary abandonment thereof, by such possessor or his descendants, the right of occupancy or possession of said lands shall devolve to the United States, and be identified with the right of property ceded hereby.
9th — If in running east from the mouth of Summochico creek, it shall so happen that the settlement of the Kennards, fall within the lines of the territory hereby ceded, then, and in that case, the line shall be run east on a true meridian to Kitchofoonee creek, thence down the middle of said creek to its junction with Flint River, immediately below the Oakmulgee town, thence up the middle of Flint river to a point due east of that at which the above line struck the Kitchofoonee creek, thence east to the old line herein before mentioned, to wit: the line dividing the lands claimed by the Creek nation, from those claimed and owned by the state of Georgia.
The road continues north running parallel to the lake along the meridian to a point near Edenville.
* 1788 – New South Wales, according to Arthur Phillip's amended Commission dated 25 April 1787, includes " all the islands adjacent in the Pacific Ocean " and running westward to the 135th meridian east.
This " Ellicott Line " ( running north-south at longitude 80 ° 31 ' 12 " W ) later became the principal meridian for the surveys of the Northwest Territory.
Thévenot divided the continent in two, between Nova Hollandia to the west and Terre Australe to the east of a latitude staff running down the meridian equivalent to longitude 135 degrees East of Greenwich.
The differentiation between Nova Hollandia to the west and Terre Australe to the east of the meridian corresponding to 135º East of Greenwich, emphasized by the latitude staff running down that meridian, appears to have been an initiative of Thevenot's, as there is no such division on Blaeu's map or on the Amsterdam Town Hall map.
The Paris meridian is a meridian line running through the Paris Observatory in Paris, France — now longitude 2 ° 20 ′ 14. 025 ″ east.

meridian and through
Since the original definition of the metre was one-quarter of one ten-millionth of the circumference of the Earth ( along the great circle coincident with the meridian of longitude passing through Paris ), the circumference of the Earth is about 40, 000 km or about 200, 000 furlongs.
( Jerusalem is 35 ° 13 ’ east of the prime meridian, so the antimeridian is at 144 ° 47 ' W, passing through eastern Alaska.
If the Earth were perfectly spherical and homogeneous, then longitude at a point would just be the angle between a vertical north-south plane through that point and the plane of the Greenwich meridian.
The French Academy of Sciences commissioned an expedition led by Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre and Pierre Méchain, lasting from 1792 to 1799, which measured the distance between the Dunkerque belfry and Montjuïc castle, Barcelona to estimate the length of the meridian arc through Dunkerque ( assumed to be the same length as the Paris meridian ).
* 1791 March 30The French National Assembly accepts the proposal by the French Academy of Sciences that the new definition for the metre be equal to one ten-millionth of the length of the Earth's meridian along a quadrant through Paris, that is the distance from the equator to the north pole.
After he had taken deacon's orders, however, he concentrated on science, and, through the patronage of Jacques Cassini, obtained employment, first in surveying the coast from Nantes to Bayonne, then, in 1739, in remeasuring the French arc of the meridian, for which he is honored with a pyramid at Juvisy-sur-Orge.
Hipparchus, through Strabo, adds that Byzantium and the mouth of the Borysthenes, today's Dnepr river, were on the same meridian and were separated by 3700 stadia, 5. 3 ° at Strabo's 700 stadia per a degree of meridian arc.
In books 2 through 7, he used degrees and put the meridian of 0 longitude at the most western land he knew, the " Blessed Islands ", probably the Cape Verde islands
The calculation is essentially the conversion of the equatorial polar coordinates of Mecca ( i. e. its longitude and latitude ) to its polar coordinates ( i. e. its qibla and distance ) relative to a system whose reference meridian is the great circle through the given location and the Earth's poles, and whose polar axis is the line through the location and its antipodal point.
He now became acquainted with Pierre-Simon Laplace, and through his influence was commissioned, with Jean-Baptiste Biot, to complete the meridian arc measurements which had been begun by J.
The Longitude ( abbreviation: Long., λ, or lambda ) of a point on the Earth's surface is the angle east or west from a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point.
In the sky, the meridian is the imaginary north to south line that goes through the point directly overhead ( the zenith ).
The hour angle of a point is the angle between two planes: one containing the Earth's axis and the zenith ( the meridian plane ), and the other containing the Earth's axis and the given point ( the hour circle passing through the point ).
In astronomy, hour angle is defined as the angular distance on the celestial sphere measured westward along the celestial equator from the meridian to the hour circle passing through a point.
The hour angle ( h or ha ) of a point on the Earth's surface is the angle through which the earth would turn to bring the meridian of the point directly under the sun.
The astronomical meridian is also determined by the zenith, and is defined as a circle on the celestial sphere that passes through the zenith, nadir, and the celestial poles.
An international conference in 1884 decided the prime meridian passes through the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in southeast London, United Kingdom, known simply as the prime meridian
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the prime meridian and IERS Reference Meridian pass through:
The exact dates are those on which the Sun is at the points where the horizon is tangential to the analemma, which in turn depend on how much the analemma, or the north-south meridian passing through it, is tilted from the vertical.
In June 1792 the French astronomers Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre and Pierre François André Méchain set out to measure the meridian arc distance from Dunkirk to Barcelona, two cities lying on approximately the same longitude as each other and also the longitude through Paris.

meridian and Greenwich
This system specifies the latitude and longitude of any location in terms of angles subtended at the centre of the Earth, using the equator and ( usually ) the Greenwich meridian as references.
Western Antarctica and Eastern Antarctica correspond roughly to the eastern and western hemispheres relative to the Greenwich meridian.
* Note: Botswana does not have a westernmost point as the western section is formed by the 22nd meridian of longitude east of Greenwich.
Earth's rate of rotation must be integrated to obtain time, which is Earth's angular position ( specifically, the orientation of the meridian of Greenwich relative to the fictitious mean sun ).
) Physically, the meridian of Greenwich in Universal Time is almost always to the east of the meridian in Terrestrial Time, both in the past and in the future.
The axis lies within the Greenwich observatory's meridian plane.
Noon Greenwich Mean Time is rarely the exact moment when the sun crosses the Greenwich meridian ( and reaches its highest point in the sky at Greenwich ) because of Earth's uneven speed in its elliptic orbit and its axial tilt.
As the United Kingdom grew into an advanced maritime nation, British mariners kept at least one chronometer on GMT in order to calculate their longitude from the Greenwich meridian, which was by convention considered to have longitude zero degrees ( this convention was internationally adopted in the International Meridian Conference of 1884 ).
Indeed, even the Greenwich meridian itself is not quite what it used to bedefined by " the centre of the transit instrument at the Observatory at Greenwich ".
The vertical north-south plane still intersects the plane of the Greenwich meridian at some angle ; that angle is astronomical longitude, the longitude you calculate from star observations.
While British cartographers had long used the Greenwich meridian in London, other references were used elsewhere, including: El Hierro, Rome, Copenhagen, Jerusalem, Saint Petersburg, Pisa, Paris, Philadelphia, and Washington.
In 1884, the International Meridian Conference adopted the Greenwich meridian as the universal Prime Meridian or zero point of longitude.
Similar to latitude, the longitude of a place on the Earth's surface is the angular distance east or west of the prime meridian or Greenwich meridian.
Longitude is usually expressed in degrees ( marked with °) ranging from 0 ° at the Greenwich meridian to 180 ° east and west.
* 1884 – Greenwich, in London, England, is established as Universal Time meridian of longitude.
Western Australia is bounded to the east by longitude 129 ° E, the meridian 129 degrees east of Greenwich, which defines the border with South Australia and the Northern Territory, and bounded by the Indian Ocean to the west and north.
* October – International Meridian Conference in Washington, D. C. fixes the Greenwich meridian as the world's prime meridian.
Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ) was originally mean time deduced from meridian observations made at the Royal Greenwich Observatory ( RGO ).

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