These results refined Ernest Rutherford's and Antonius Van den Broek's model, which proposed that the atom contains in its nucleus a number of positive nuclear charges that is equal to its ( atomic ) number in the periodic table.

That it is equal to the atomic nuclear charge remains the accepted atomic model today.

Social conservatives ( in the first meaning of the word ) in many countries generally favor the pro-life position in the abortion controversy and oppose human embryonic stem cell research ( particularly if publicly funded ); oppose both eugenics and human enhancement ( transhumanism ) while supporting bioconservatism ; support a traditional definition of marriage as being one man and one woman ; view the nuclear family model as society's foundational unit ; oppose expansion of civil marriage and child adoption rights to couples in same-sex relationships ; promote public morality and traditional family values ; oppose atheism, especially militant atheism, secularism and the separation of church and state ; support the prohibition of drugs, prostitution, and euthanasia ; and support the censorship of pornography and what they consider to be obscenity or indecency.

" The nuclear Thomas – Fermi model ", Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ( LBNL ), United States Department of Energy, ( August 1, 1994 ).

Equations based on Fick's law have been commonly used to model transport processes in foods, neurons, biopolymers, pharmaceuticals, porous soils, population dynamics, nuclear materials, semiconductor doping process, etc.

That theory refined Ernest Rutherford's and Antonius Van den Broek's model, which proposed that the atom contains in its nucleus a number of positive nuclear charges that is equal to its ( atomic ) number in the periodic table.

Its four stable isotopes have 82 protons, a magic number in the nuclear shell model of atomic nuclei.

Floating point operations are mostly addition, subtraction, and multiplication with enough digits of precision to model continuous phenomena such as weather prediction and nuclear simulations.

The Rutherford model worked quite well until studies of nuclear spin were carried out by Franco Rasetti at the California Institute of Technology in 1929.

By 1925 it was known that protons and electrons had a spin of 1 / 2, and in the Rutherford model of nitrogen-14, 20 of the total 21 nuclear particles should have paired up to cancel each other's spin, and the final odd particle should have left the nucleus with a net spin of 1 / 2.

The liquid-drop model is able to reproduce many features of nuclei, including the general trend of binding energy with respect to mass number, as well as the phenomenon of nuclear fission.

Superimposed on this classical picture, however, are quantum-mechanical effects, which can be described using the nuclear shell model, developed in large part by Maria Goeppert-Mayer.

Instead, nuclides are studied within nuclear physics, which studies nucleons and their interactions by approximations and models, such as the nuclear shell model.

The liquid drop model of the atomic nucleus predicts equal-sized fission products as a mechanical outcome of nuclear deformation.

The more sophisticated nuclear shell model is needed to mechanistically explain the route to the more energetically favorable outcome, in which one fission product is slightly smaller than the other.

A study published in the Journal of Geophysical Research in July 2007, Nuclear winter revisited with a modern climate model and current nuclear arsenals: Still catastrophic consequences, used current climate models to look at the consequences of a global nuclear war involving most or all of the world's current nuclear arsenals ( which the authors described as being only about a third the size of the world's arsenals twenty years earlier ).

" The model was used to investigate the effects of a war involving the entire current global nuclear arsenal, projected to release about 150 Tg of smoke into the atmosphere, as well as a war involving about one third of the current nuclear arsenal, projected to release about 50 Tg of smoke.

Upon learning of the TTAPS scenarios, Vladimir Alexandrov and G. I. Stenchikov soon published a report on the climatic consequences of nuclear war based on simulations with a two-level global circulation model, which produced results consistent with the TTAPS findings.

In 1990, in a paper entitled " Climate and Smoke: An Appraisal of Nuclear Winter ," TTAPS give a more detailed description of the short-and long-term atmospheric effects of a nuclear war using a three-dimensional model:

Probability clouds are approximate, but better than the Bohr model, whereby electron location is given by a probability function, the wave function eigenvalue, such that the probability is the squared modulus of the complex amplitude, or quantum state nuclear attraction.

* Leon Kowalski / Max Polokov ( played by Brion James ) is a combat model or loader for nuclear fission.

The next nuclear reactor model was Experimental Boiling Water Reactor, the forerunner of many modern nuclear plants, and Experimental Breeder Reactor II ( EBR-II ), which was sodium-cooled, and included a fuel recycling facility.

Branching processes can also be used to model other systems with similar dynamics, e. g., the spread of surnames in genealogy or the propagation of neutrons in a nuclear reactor.

A scram or SCRAM is an emergency shutdown of a nuclear reactor – though the term has been extended to cover shutdowns of other complex operations, such as server farms and even large model railroads ( see Tech Model Railroad Club ).

On the basis of mode of operation, a bioreactor may be classified as batch, fed batch or continuous ( e. g. a continuous stirred-tank reactor model ).

The Neils Science Center was erected in 1974 and includes an astronomical observatory, greenhouse, and a now decommissioned sub-critical nuclear reactor which helped the facility receive an Atomic Energy Commission citation as a model undergraduate physics laboratory.

* Westinghouse Enchanted Forest / Submarine Exhibit featured a-long model of the atomic reactor section of a submarine.

* batch reactor model ( batch ),

* continuous stirred-tank reactor model ( CSTR ), and

* plug flow reactor model ( PFR ).

While the reactor is in a transient state the model equation must be derived from the differential mass and energy balances.

Simple diagram illustrating plug flow reactor model

In Lisa's room, Homer sees her entry for the science fair, which is a history of nuclear physics and a scale model of the first nuclear reactor.

Plug flow reactor model

The book was a source of inspiration to David Hahn, nicknamed " the Radioactive Boy Scout " by the media, who tried to collect a sample of every chemical element and also built a model nuclear reactor, which led to the involvement of the authorities.

A CSTR often refers to a model used to estimate the key unit operation variables when using a continuous agitated-tank reactor to reach a specified output.

* Continuous stirred-tank reactor model

When a mass balance is made for a tube, one first considers an infinitesimal part of the tube and make a mass balance over that using the ideal tank reactor model.

One reactor model, the L-54, was purchased and installed by a number of United States universities and foreign research institutions, including Japan.

But at the end of the sitting, when Michelangelo showed him the quick, free drawings, with the mother roughed in, holding her son, the model grasped what Michelangelo was after, and promised to speak to his friends.

When he showed this model as his `` solution '' as to how the Howe sewing machine operated, he was told he was `` wrong '', and discovered to his amazement that the Howe Machine, which was unknown to him in detail, used two threads while the one that he had perfected used only one.

I asked Quasimodo recently how he accomplished this, and he replied that he had painted his model `` a beautiful shade of red and then had her breathe on the canvas '', which was his typical tongue-in-cheek way of chiding me for my lack of sensitivity.

The magnetic resonance absorption was detected by employing a Varian model Af broad line spectrometer and the associated 12-inch electromagnet system.

One measurement at 40 Mc/sec was obtained with the Varian model Af unit.

Paper electrophoresis was carried out on the concentrated samples in a Spinco model R cell using barbital buffer, pH 8.6, ionic strength 0.075, at room temperature on Whatman 3MM filter paper.

Ultracentrifugation was then carried out in a Spinco model L ultracentrifuge at 40,000 rpm for 125 to 150 min, refrigeration being used throughout the run.

When she said that she didn't have the money, he said that she could come in for treatment with his office model until she was ready to buy one.

His interpretation was a model of refinement and accuracy.

In need of a model for his statuette, Gibbons was introduced by his future wife Dolores del Río to Mexican film director and actor Emilio " El Indio " Fernández.

A decade and a half later, the Polish anthropology student, Bronisław Malinowski ( 1884 – 1942 ), was beginning what he expected to be a brief period of fieldwork in the old model, collecting lists of cultural items, when the outbreak of the First World War stranded him in New Guinea.

non-mathematical explanation of the additive effects model was

In 1911, Ernest Rutherford gave a model of the atom in which a central core held most of the atom's mass and a positive charge which, in units of the electron's charge, was to be approximately equal to half of the atom's atomic weight, expressed in numbers of hydrogen atoms.

Moseley, after discussions with Bohr who was at the same lab ( and who had used Van den Broek's hypothesis in his Bohr model of the atom ), decided to test Van den Broek and Bohr's hypothesis directly, by seeing if spectral lines emitted from excited atoms fit the Bohr theory's demand that the frequency of the spectral lines be proportional to a measure of the square of Z.

The Declaration announced the states ' entry into the international system ; the model treaty was designed to establish amity and commerce with other states ; and the Articles of Confederation, which established “ a firm league ” among the thirteen free and independent states, constituted an international agreement to set up central institutions for the conduct of vital domestic and foreign affairs.

Rutherford interpreted the gold foil experiment as suggesting that the positive charge of a heavy gold atom and most of its mass was concentrated in a nucleus at the center of the atom — the Rutherford model.

This model was able to explain observations of atomic behavior that previous models could not, such as certain structural and spectral patterns of atoms larger than hydrogen.

Thus, the planetary model of the atom was discarded in favor of one that described atomic orbital zones around the nucleus where a given electron is most likely to be observed.

The standard model of particle physics was developed that so far has successfully explained the properties of the nucleus in terms of these sub-atomic particles and the forces that govern their interactions.

The first to arrive was Émile Levassor in his Panhard-Levassor 1205cc model.

In the panentheistic model of process philosophy and theology the writers Alfred North Whitehead and Charles Hartshorne rejected that the universe was made of substance, instead reality is composed of living experiences ( occasions of experience ).

In seeking to explain atomic spectra an entirely new mathematical model of matter was revealed.

Thomson theorized that multiple electrons revolved in orbit-like rings within a positively charged jelly-like substance, and between the electron's discovery and 1909, this " plum pudding model " was the most widely accepted explanation of atomic structure.