The most common, but significant, complication of otoplasty is overcorrection, which can be minimized by the surgeon ’ s detailed attention to the functional principles of the surgical technique employed.

A cosmetic surgical procedure to reduce the size or change the shape of the ear is called an otoplasty.

* In the 1990s, Michael H. Fritsch, developed an incisionless otoplasty technique that resolved the occurrence of prominent ears with the application of skin-traversing ( percutaneous ) retention sutures, whereby the corrected pinna is affixed to the head at the distance and at the angle of projection appropriate to a normally configured ear.

This effect, of the shape of the patient ’ s head, upon the outward and extended position of the ear is notably indicated in the 19th-century illustrations that describe the Ely otoplasty technique ( 1881 ).

The corrective goal of otoplasty is to set back the ears so that they appear naturally proportionate and contoured, because they are harmoniously set back, without evidence or indication of surgical correction.

The ear deformity to be corrected determines the advantageous timing of an otoplasty, for example, in children with extremely prominent ears, 4-years old is a reasonable age.

In the correction of infantile ear defects and deformities, the otoplasty usually is performed when he or she is about six years old, because, at that age, the healthy ear is almost adult-sized, and thus can serve the plastic surgeon as a corrective template for the auricular reconstruction.

Yet, when done without an incision, the procedure is deemed an incisionless otoplasty, wherein the surgeon places a needle through the skin, to model the cartilage and to emplace the retention sutures that will affix the antihelix and conchal bowl areas.

Repositioning the earlobe is the most difficult part of the otoplasty, because when a pinna ( external ear ) that has been repositioned in its upper two-thirds, and that yet retains a prominent lobule ( earlobe ) will appear disproportionate to and malpositioned upon the head — as it did in the original, uncorrected deformity.

Cellulitis is rare after otoplasty, but it is treated aggressively, with antibiotics in order to avoid chondritis — which might require debridement, and permanently disfigure the ear.

When the treatment is initiated in the first week of the infant ’ s life, tissue-molding correction can yield a non-surgical otoplasty outcome comparable to that of surgical otoplasty.

That otoplasty correction technique proved inadequate, because of the problems inherent to the biochemical breakdown and elimination ( resorption ) of the cartilage tissue by the patient ’ s body.

Moreover, regardless of the patient ’ s age, the otoplasty procedure requires that the patient be under general anaesthesia.

For several days after the surgery, the otoplasty patient wears a voluminous, non-compressive dressing upon the corrected ear ( s ), during which convalescent period, he or she must avoid excessive bandage pressure upon the ear, lest it cause pain and increase swelling, which might lead to the abrasion ( rubbing ), or even to the necrosis of the ear ’ s skin.

In Die operative Chirurgie ( Operational Surgery, 1845 ), Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach ( 1794 – 1847 ) reported the first surgical approach for the correction of prominent ears — a combination otoplasty procedure that featured the simple excision ( cutting ) of the problematic excess cartilage from the posterior sulcus ( back groove ) of the ear, and the subsequent affixing, with sutures, of the corrected pinna to the mastoid periosteum, the membrane covering the mastoid process at the underside of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone, at the back of the head.

The angles of the ear determine the surgical anatomy of the pinna, as considered for otoplasty correction.

Such deformities usually are self-correcting, but, if at 1-week of age, the child ’ s external ear deformity has not self-corrected, then either surgical correction ( otoplasty ca.

* Cosmetic surgery of the head and neck: ( rhytidectomy / facelift, browlift, blepharoplasty / Asian blepharoplasty, otoplasty, rhinoplasty, septoplasty, cheek augmentation, chin augmentation, genioplasty, oculoplastics, neck liposuction, lip enhancement, injectable cosmetic treatments, botox, chemical peel etc.

), corrective otoplasty procedures also are performed by a Facial Plastic surgeon, many times by an otolaryngologist ( ear, nose, and throat specialist ), or in other communities by the usual plastic surgeon.

Group I — Techniques that leave intact the cartilage support-framework of the external ear, and reconfigure the distance and the angle of projection of the pinna from the head, solely by means of sutures, as in the permanent suture-insertion of the Mustardé technique for creating an antihelical fold ; the Merck method technique ; and the incisionless Fritsch otoplasty.

In the practice of otoplasty, the term prominent ears describes external ears ( pinnae ) that, regardless of their size, protrude from the sides of the head.

The soft tissues of the right ear: the three muscles that serve the pinna ( external ear ) the auricularis posterior ( left ), the auricularis superior ( above ), and the auricularis anterior ( right ) as considered for otoplasty correction.

The ear defect or deformity to be corrected determines the otoplasty techniques and procedures to be applied, thus, a torn earlobe can be repaired solely with sutures ; a slight damage to the rim of the pinna ( outer ear ) might be repaired with an autologous skin graft harvested from the scalp, yet conversely, a proper ear reconstruction might require several surgeries.

Depending upon the deformity to be corrected, the otoplasty can be performed either as an outpatient surgery or at hospital ; while the operating room ( OR ) time varies between 1. 5 to 5. 0 hours.

Muscle weakness is now recognized as an uncommon though serious complication of steroid therapy, with most of the synthetic adrenal corticosteroids in clinical use.

In third grade, Warhol had chorea, the nervous system disease that causes involuntary movements of the extremities, which is believed to be a complication of scarlet fever and causes skin pigmentation blotchiness.

The insertion of deltoid is most frequently used because the local complication rate is smallest when that site is used.

Due to immune system suppression, Typhlitis is a " life-threatening gastrointestinal complication of chemotherapy.

There is also the complication that they underwent successive revisions and redactions.

Specifically, several research groups have reported that pre-eclampsia, a life threatening complication that sometimes arises in pregnancy, is much less frequent in couples who have practiced oral sex, and even more rare in couples where fellatio regularly ended with a woman's swallowing of her partner's semen.

Immediate complications are increased when FGM is performed in traditional ways, and without access to medical resources: the procedure is extremely painful and a bleeding complication can be fatal.

A further complication with quaternion representations of fermions is that there are two types of multiplication: left multiplication and right multiplication which must be taken into account.

Another complication exists with South Africa, in which the President is in fact elected by the National Assembly ( legislature ) and is thus similar, in principle, to a head of government in a parliamentary system but also, in addition, is recognized as the nation's head of state.

Thyrotoxic crisis ( or thyroid storm ) is a rare but severe complication of hyperthyroidism, which may occur when a thyrotoxic patient becomes very sick or physically stressed.

A complication is that there are various descriptions of the scope of the Hebrides.

* Neuropathy is a troublesome complication of diabetes resistant to usual treatment.

One common and potentially fatal complication is dysphagia.

* Pyelonephritis is infection of the kidneys and is frequently caused by complication of a urinary tract infection.

In addition, osteoporosis is a recognized complication in specific diseases and disorders.

Finally, the relative frequency of straights versus three of a kind is also sensitive to the deck composition ( and to the number of cards dealt ), so some places may consider three of a kind to be superior to a straight, but the difference is small enough that this complication is not necessary for most games.

By studying the limit of the manifold for large time, Perelman proved Thurston's geometrization conjecture for any fundamental group: at large times the manifold has a thick-thin decomposition, whose thick piece has a hyperbolic structure, and whose thin piece is a graph manifold, but this extra complication is not necessary for proving just the Poincaré conjecture.