However, the surface temperature gradient can produce erroneous vapor-pressure measurements for the bulk liquid helium unless precautions are taken to isolate the tube ( which passes through the surface to the vapor pressure bulb ) from the liquid helium surface.

The pressure gradient producing the jet is due to the nature of the magnetic field in the arc ( rapid decrease of current density from cathode to the anode ).

It had been pointed out previously by J. J. Thomson in his series of lectures at Yale University in May 1903 that the dynamic equilibrium between the velocity generated by a concentration gradient given by Fick's law and the velocity due to the variation of the partial pressure caused when ions are set in motion " gives us a method of determining Avogadro's Constant which is independent of any hypothesis as to the shape or size of molecules, or of the way in which they act upon each other ".

In the reference frame spinning with the centrifuge, the centrifugal force induces a hydrostatic pressure gradient in fluid-filled tubes oriented perpendicular to the axis of rotation, giving rise to large buoyant forces which push low-density particles inward.

After mixing with water vapor and expired CO < sub > 2 </ sub > in the lungs, oxygen diffuses down a pressure gradient to enter arterial blood where its partial pressure is around 100 mmHg ( 13. 3 kPa ).

Arterial blood flow delivers oxygen to the peripheral tissues, where it again diffuses down a pressure gradient into the cells and into their mitochondria.

The fuel's carbon is oxidized to CO < sub > 2 </ sub >, which diffuses down its partial pressure gradient out of the cells into venous blood to be exhaled finally by the lungs.

Whenever a fluid follows a curved path, there is a pressure gradient perpendicular to the flow direction.

The resulting horizontal pressure gradient accelerates the air from high to low pressure, creating wind, and Earth's rotation then causes curvature of the flow via the Coriolis effect.

These equations arise from applying Newton's second law to fluid motion, together with the assumption that the fluid stress is the sum of a diffusing viscous term ( proportional to the gradient of velocity ) and a pressure term.

This occurs when compression due to gravity is balanced by a pressure gradient force.

For instance, the pressure gradient force prevents gravity from collapsing the Earth's atmosphere into a thin, dense shell, while gravity prevents the pressure gradient force from diffusing the atmosphere into space.

Since the pressure gradient normal to the flow within a boundary layer is approximately zero for low to moderate hypersonic Mach numbers, the increase of temperature through the boundary layer coincides with a decrease in density.

A pressure gradient is applied ; as a result, water moves across the very permeable membrane rapidly, " dragging " along with it many dissolved substances, including ones with large molecular weights, which are not cleared as well by hemodialysis.

Movement occurs by bulk flow ; phloem sap moves from sugar sources to sugar sinks by means of turgor pressure gradient.

Movement is due to the pressure gradient force ( horizontal differences in atmospheric pressure ) and the Coriolis effect, caused by the earth spinning about its axis.

Warm fronts are at the trailing edge of the temperature increase, which is located on the equatorward edge of the gradient in isotherms, and lie within broader troughs of low pressure than cold fronts.

Since high pressure areas usually migrate east, changing the pressure gradient in southern California to the northeast, it is common for " sundowner " wind events to precede Santa Ana events by a day or two.

This pressure difference pushes the wing up.

Gas tends to rise, and when a pocket of CO < sub > 2 </ sub > rises in the abdomen, it pushes against the diaphragm ( the muscle that separates the abdominal from the thoracic cavities and facilitates breathing ), and can exert pressure on the phrenic nerve.

A vacuum pump is turned on, and air pressure pushes down on the coversheet to hold the material in place.

During glottal closure, the air flow is cut off until breath pressure pushes the folds apart and the flow starts up again, causing the cycles to repeat.

The disk of dust is produced as radiation pressure from Vega pushes debris from collisions of larger objects outward.

To turn, pressure against one of the skis is relaxed so the snow pushes it back towards the body.

In the direct reading hydrostatic manometer design on the left, unknown pressure pushes the liquid down the left side of the manometer U-tube ( or unknown vacuum pulls the liquid up the tube, as shown ) where a length scale next to the tube measures the pressure, referenced to the other, open end of the manometer on the right side of the U-tube.

A floating caliper ( also called a " sliding caliper ") moves with respect to the disc, along a line parallel to the axis of rotation of the disc ; a piston on one side of the disc pushes the inner brake pad until it makes contact with the braking surface, then pulls the caliper body with the outer brake pad so pressure is applied to both sides of the disc.

When the brakes are applied, brake fluid is forced under pressure from the master cylinder into the wheel cylinder, which in turn pushes the brake shoes into contact with the machined surface on the inside of the drum.

In the hydraulic analogy, current flowing through a wire ( or resistor ) is like water flowing through a pipe, and the voltage drop across the wire is like the pressure drop which pushes water through the pipe.

This causes water to move into the sieve-tube element by osmosis, creating pressure that pushes the sap down the tube.

This center of pressure of the added flow field is behind the center of gravity and the additional force " points " in the direction of the added angle of attack, this produces a moment that pushes the vehicle back to the trim position.

The increased high pressure exerts a greater amount of force on the piston and pushes it towards the BDC.

** Obesity ( extra weight pushes down on the abdomen increasing the pressure )

Root pressure provides a force, which pushes water up the stem, but it is not enough to account for the movement of water to leaves at the top of the tallest trees.

The chemical reaction produces heat and pressure, which pushes out the discharge when the insect is attacked, as in the beetle Metrius contractus, which produces a foamy discharge.

In other bombardier beetles, the muscles stopping leakage have a flap forming a valve to ensure that the pressure pushes the discharge out, and muscles controlling the outlet have developed nozzles that can direct an explosive reaction to squirt the deterrent chemicals at an attacker.

If the stirrup is too far forward, on the toes, the rider risks losing if he pushes with too much pressure ( forcing it off the foot ) or too little ( allowing it to simply slide off ).

If a turbine is used, the turbine pushes air through the ventilator, with a flow valve adjusting pressure to meet patient-specific parameters.

When the pressure is below that within the lungs, the lungs expand and atmospheric pressure pushes air from outside the chamber in via the person's nose and airways to keep the lungs filled ; when the pressure goes above that within the lungs, the reverse occurs, and air is expelled.

The pneumatic pressure of the piston pushes the oil, which hydraulically separates the setting tool from the plug or packer.

Present day liquid chromatography that generally utilizes very small packing particles and a relatively high pressure is referred to as high performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC ).

Supercritical fluid chromatography is a separation technique in which the mobile phase is a fluid above and relatively close to its critical temperature and pressure.

Bronze has several characteristics that made it preferable as a construction material: although it is relatively expensive, does not always alloy well, and can result in a final product that is " spongy about the bore ", bronze is more flexible than iron and therefore less prone to bursting when exposed to high pressure ; cast iron cannon are less expensive and more durable generally than bronze and withstand being fired more times without deteriorating.

The recovered wreck revealed that the water brake had deployed after the accident as a result of stored accumulator pressure ; Campbell would not have had time to deploy the relatively slow-moving brake as the boat flipped out of control.

In contrast, the Holy See has not questioned the validity of the consecrations that the late Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre performed in 1988 for the service of the relatively numerous followers of the Traditionalist Catholic Society of St. Pius X that he had founded, and of the bishops who, under pressure from the Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association, " have been ordained without the Pontifical mandate and who have not asked for, or have not yet obtained, the necessary legitimation ", and who consequently, Pope Benedict XVI has declared, " are to be considered illegitimate, but validly ordained ".

Sensitive materials that can be initiated by a relatively small amount of heat or pressure are primary explosives and materials that are relatively insensitive are secondary or tertiary explosives.

El Niño episodes are associated with negative values of the SOI, meaning that the pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin is relatively small.

Holmium is a relatively soft and malleable element that is fairly corrosion-resistant and stable in dry air at standard temperature and pressure.

Atmospheric pressures during the summer months are relatively uniform, whereas the winter months bring a succession of marked low pressure areas and accompanying cold fronts.

Experimentally, the phase lines are relatively easy to map due to the interdependence of temperature and pressure that develops when multiple phases forms.

These features are the features typical of a shotgun shell, namely a relatively short, wide cartridge, with straight walls, and operating at a relatively low pressure.

The onset of nuclear fusion leads relatively quickly to a hydrostatic equilibrium in which energy released by the core exerts a " radiation pressure " balancing the weight of the star's matter, preventing further gravitational collapse.

In more massive stars, whose core is not overwhelmingly supported by electron degeneracy pressure, the ignition of helium fusion occurs relatively quietly.

Axial flow pumps have small diameters, but give relatively modest pressure increases, and multiple compression stages are needed, but work well with low density fluids.

In addition, the UHI creates during the day a local low pressure area where relatively moist air from its rural surroundings converges, possibly leading to more favorable conditions for cloud formation.

Healthy resting arterial pressures, are relatively low, mean systemic pressures typically being under 100 mmHg, about 1. 8 lbf / in², above surrounding atmospheric pressure ( about 760 mmHg or 14. 7 lbf / in² at sea level ).

Normal pressure hydrocephalus, though relatively rare, is important to recognize since treatment may prevent progression and improve other symptoms of the condition.

The most important property of dark energy is that it has negative pressure which is distributed relatively homogeneously in space.

In most designs the gas port is located relatively close to the muzzle, which ensures that chamber pressure has dropped to a safe level before the breech is opened.

In general, stratiform-category clouds form at any altitude in the troposphere where there is sufficient condensation as the result of non-convective lift of relatively stable air, especially along warm fronts, around areas of low pressure, and sometimes along stable slow moving cold fronts.

Due to the shorter cooking time, vitamins are preserved relatively well during pressure cooking.

The relatively high pressure as the maternal blood fills intervillous space through these spiral arteries bathes the fetal villi in blood, allowing an exchange of gases to take place.