Radicalism remained close to republicanism in the 20th century, at least in France, where they governed several times with other left-wing parties ( participating in both the Cartel des gauches coalitions as well as the Popular Front ).

Italian radicals also maintained close links with republicanism, as well as with socialism, with the Partito radicale founded in 1955, which became the Transnational Radical Party in 1989.

Article 1 of the Basic Law ( in German legal shorthand GG, for Grundgesetz ), which establishes this principle that " human dignity is inviolable " and that human rights are directly applicable law, as well as the general principles of the state in Article 20 GG, which guarantees democracy, republicanism, social responsibility, federalism, and the right of resistance should anybody undertake to abolish this order, remain under the guarantee of perpetuity stated in Article 79 Paragraph 3, i. e., those two cannot be changed even if the normal amendment process is followed.

He stated " While there may very well be further episodes of republicanism in this country, I am far from certain that, at least in our lifetimes, there ’ s likely to be any significant change ".

Prince Carl was however well aware of a surge of republicanism in Norway and of the constitutional situation of the Norwegian throne.

Newmyer ( 1985 ) presents Story as a " Statesman of the Old Republic " who tried to be above democratic politics and to shape the law in accordance with the republicanism of Story's heroes, Alexander Hamilton and John Marshall, as well as the New England Whigs of the 1820s and 1830s such as Daniel Webster.

O ' Brien's hostility to militant republicanism was well known, and the adherence of such a prominent supporter from the south helped reinforce the UKUP's claims to be a non-sectarian Unionist party.

The aim of the society was universal suffrage and annually elected parliaments, with a strong streak of republicanism running through it as well.

The relative importance of republicanism and liberalism remains a topic of strong debate among historians, as well as the politically active of present day.

" Newmyer ( 1985 ) presents Story as a " Statesman of the Old Republic " who tried to rise above democratic politics and to shape the law in accordance with the republicanism of Story's heroes, Alexander Hamilton and John Marshall, as well as the New England Whigs of the 1820s and 1830s such as Daniel Webster.

As the Param-Kamboja ( i. e. the original Kamboja ) was a close neighbor both to the Uttaramadras as well as the Uttarakurus in trans-Himalyan territories, it can, therefore, be fairly conjectured that the Parama-Kambojas were also a republican people, most probably following a Rajashabdopajivin ( king consul ) type of republicanism, where the king was only a title for the commander-in-chief of the military confederation.

He was also influential in republican circles nationally and a well known advocate of socialist republicanism, albeit of a Marxist-Leninist hue.

Initially, he states that past as well as contemporary history provides no examples of a true republic, despite the history of the Roman Republic among others, and that the republicanism in itself which is being attempted by America in the proposed constitution is a totally new idea.

The widespread use of neoclassicism in American architecture, as well as by French revolutionary regimes, and the general tenor of rationalism associated with the movement, all created a link between neoclassicism and republicanism and radicalism in much of Europe.

Advocacy of republics is called republicanism, while advocacy of monarchies is called monarchism.

It campaigned for a united Germany, with a representative government, but under an emperor, Görres having abandoned his earlier advocacy of republicanism.

This act made advocacy of republicanism punishable by transportation to Australia, later life imprisonment.

The Dunning School ( 1890s-1940s ) held Stevens responsible for demanding harsh treatment of the white South and violating American traditions of republicanism, depicting Stevens as a villain for his advocacy of harsh measures in the South.

During this era, Chinese scholars attempted to incorporate Western philosophical ideologies such as democracy, Marxism, socialism, liberalism, republicanism, and nationalism into Chinese philosophy.

There have been attempts to incorporate democracy, republicanism, and industrialism into Chinese philosophy, notably by Sun Yat-Sen ( Sūn yì xiān, in one Mandarin form of the name ) at the beginning of the 20th century.

Expanded on the philosophy of Thomas Paine by instrumenting republicanism in the United States.

A political philosophy of republicanism that formed during the Renaissance period, and initiated by Machiavelli, was thought to have had little impact on the founders of the United States.

During troubled times at Yale University, president Timothy Dwight saw his students drawn to the radical republicanism and “ infidel philosophy ” of the French Revolution, including the philosophies of Hume, Hobbes, Tindal, and Lords Shaftesbury and Bolingbroke.

Marxism's philosophical roots were thus commonly explained as derived from three sources: English political economy, French republicanism and radicalism, and German idealist philosophy.

Their rebellion was based on the political philosophy of republicanism, as expressed by pamphleteers, such as Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, and Thomas Paine.

" This reference transferred into the domain of politics, and in the case of Norcross with his political platform, the Moral Party could similarly be viewed as " American statesmen defend their principles of ' classical republicanism ' with arguments drawn from Aristotle, Publius, and Cicero " added ; those in antiquity whose doctrine framed a moral philosophy.

There were a number of theorists who wrote on political philosophy during this period such as Aristotle, Polybius, and Cicero, and their ideas became the essential core of classical republicanism.

At any rate, that classical republicanism actually refers to a philosophy developed primarily in the early modern period is acknowledged by many scholars to be confusing ; therefore, some now use the term early modern republicanism to cover this branch of political thought.

Classical republicanism became extremely popular in the Classicism and Enlightenment, playing a central role in the thought of political philosophy since Hobbes, through John Locke, Giambattista Vico, Montesquieu, Rousseau, until Kant.

The family's mercantile background and experiences in the global trade and trade conflicts of the revolutionary era are relevant to Brown's writings insofar as he often explores issues connected to the period's culture of commerce and the role that commerce plays in the historical transition from 18th-century civic republicanism to 19th-century laissez-faire liberalism and capitalism.

The regime acknowledged early on that radicalism and republicanism threatened it, undermining its laissez-faire policies.

In particular, the Guizot administration was marked by increasingly authoritarian crackdowns on republicanism and dissent, and an increasingly pro-business laissez-faire policy.

American politicians, for example, boasted of their agrarian or log-cabin origins, and praised the republicanism of the yeoman farmers.

The Boers of the frontier were known for their independent spirit, resourcefulness, hardiness, and self-sufficiency, whose political notions verged on anarchy but had begun to be influenced by republicanism.

These included resentment of royal absolutism ; resentment by peasants, laborers and the bourgeoisie toward the traditional seigneurial privileges possessed by the nobility ; resentment of the Church's influence over public policy and institutions ; aspirations for freedom of religion ; resentment of aristocratic bishops by the poorer rural clergy ; aspirations for social, political and economic equality, and ( especially as the Revolution progressed ) republicanism ; hatred of Queen Marie-Antoinette, who was falsely accused of being a spendthrift and an Austrian spy ; and anger toward the King for firing finance minister Jacques Necker, among others, who were popularly seen as representatives of the people.

Adams said slavery contradicted the principles of republicanism, while Calhoun said that slavery was essential to American democracy, for it made all white men equal.

Perhaps Rousseau's most important work is The Social Contract, which outlines the basis for a legitimate political order within a framework of classical republicanism.

The American founders rarely cited Rousseau, but came independently to their Republicanism and enthusiastic admiration for the austere virtues described by Livy and in Plutarch's portrayals of the great men of ancient Sparta and the classical republicanism of early Rome, as did many, if not most other enlightenment figures.

" The Right " thus implied support for aristocratic or royal interests, and the church, while " The Left " implied support for republicanism, secularism, and civil liberties.

These ideas of how a government and society should be structured is the basis for an ideology known as classical republicanism or civic humanism.

David Wootton, for instance, argues that throughout history the meanings of the term republicanism have been so diverse, and at times contradictory, that the term is all but meaningless and any attempt to build a cogent ideology based on it will fail.

During the American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ), British leaders personally disliked American republicanism and favoured the more aristocratic Confederacy, as it had been a major source of cotton for textile mills.

George Hardie, the abdication crisis of 1936 did " more for republicanism than fifty years of propaganda ".

Devoted to the principle of liberty ( though not for slaves ) and fearful of corruption, Calhoun built his reputation as a political theorist by his redefinition of republicanism to include approval of slavery and minority rights — with the white South the minority in question.

After 1790 most of the new settlers were American farmers searching for new lands ; although generally favorable to republicanism, they were relatively non-political and stayed neutral in the War of 1812.

Certainly, republicanism in Australia has traditionally been supported most strongly by urban working class of Irish Catholic background, whereas monarchism is a core value associated with urban and rural inhabitants of British Protestant heritage and the middle class, to the extent that there were calls in 1999 for 300, 000 exceptionally enfranchised British subjects who were not Australian citizens to be barred from voting on the grounds that they would vote as a loyalist bloc in a tight referendum.

The turnaround in support for a republic has been called the " strange death of Australian republicanism ".

* Australians for Constitutional Monarchy ( Opposed to republicanism )

He argued for a combination of socialist politics on economic issues and traditional " physical force " Irish republicanism.

The École Polytechnique was notable for its adherence to the French ideals of republicanism and progress.

Indeed many presumed that he had a strong antipathy to physical force Irish republicanism ; during his period as Minister for Justice he had followed a tough anti-IRA line, including using internment without trial against the IRA.

Instead, functional rather than geographical intelligence requirements came to the fore such as counter-proliferation ( via the agency's Production and Targeting, Counter-Proliferation Section ) which had been a sphere of activity since the discovery of Pakistani physics students studying nuclear-weapons related subjects in 1974 ; counter-terrorism ( via two joint sections run in collaboration with the Security Service, one for Irish republicanism and one for international terrorism ); counter-narcotics and serious crime ( originally set up under the Western Hemisphere Controllerate in 1989 ); and a ' global issues ' section looking at matters such as the environment and other public welfare issues.