In practice a technique called vestigial sideband is used to reduce the channel spacing, which would be at least twice the video bandwidth if pure AM was used.

Claudius also tried to revive the old custom of putting dots between successive words ( Classical Latin was written with no spacing ).

However, literary conventions that we take for granted today had not yet been inventedthere was no spacing between words, no consistency in punctuation nor in vowel elisions, no marks for breathings and accent ( guides to pronunciation and hence word recognition ), no convention to denote change of speaker and no stage directions, and verse was written straight across the page like prose.

This became the ' standard edition ' for the future and it featured some of the literary conventions that modern readers expectthere was still no spacing between words, little or no punctuation and no stage directions, but abbreviated names now denoted changes of speaker, lyrics are broken into ' cola ' and ' strophai ' or lines and stanzas, and a system of accentuation was introduced.

Hermann Ebbinghaus ( January 24, 1850 — February 26, 1909 ) was a German psychologist who pioneered the experimental study of memory, and is known for his discovery of the forgetting curve and the spacing effect.

Part of the reason for this spacing was to achieve the correct distance between rowing stations and to create space for the chests used by Norse sailors as thwarts ( seats ).

Their overwhelming popularity was due to inexpensive construction and price, although their tone and performance were limited by narrow soundboards, simple actions and string spacing that made proper hammer alignment difficult.

The eventual solution to this problem was to reduce the volume of the building by moving the master bedroom down to the first floor and reducing the grid spacing down from 5 metres to 4. 75 metres.

In giving his acceptance speech, Willkie used a full text of the speech which was typewritten with double spacing in ordinary pica type, whereas experienced politicians used triple space in large letters as notes for giving speeches.

Ewald had proposed a resonator model of crystals for his thesis, but this model could not be validated using visible light, since the wavelength was much larger than the spacing between the resonators.

Von Laue realized that electromagnetic radiation of a shorter wavelength was needed to observe such small spacings, and suggested that X-rays might have a wavelength comparable to the unit-cell spacing in crystals.

A railroad fusee was timed to burn for ten minutes and quantities were dropped behind a train to ensure a safe spacing.

The purpose of the QIL was to increase the spacing between solder pads without increasing package size, for two reasons.

This may seem odd today, given the far closer solder pad spacing in use now, but in the 1970s, the heyday of the QIL, bridging of neighbouring solder pads on DIL chips was an issue at times,

The test site was typical of Bell System outside plant of the time in that, to accommodate loading coils, cable vault manholes were physically 2000 meters ( 6, 600 ft ) apart, which determined the repeater spacing.

Hole spacing was 0. 1 inch ( 2. 54 mm ) in both directions.

Since it was used by individual operators, vehicles would vary greatly in wheel spacing ( gauge ) and the plate rail coped better.

A difference however was that while in the UK standard control codes automatically also occupied one character position on screen, Antiope allowed for " non spacing " control codes.

By the 8th or 9th century spacing was being used fairly consistently across Europe ( Knight 1996 ).

The remains as we see them give evidence of the artist's power both of imitating natural detail with minute fidelity and of spacing his figures in a landscape with a large sense of air and distance ; and they amply verify two separate statements of Vasari concerning him: that " he delighted in drawing landscapes from nature exactly as they are, whence we see in his paintings rivers ; bridges, rocks, plants, fruits, roads, fields, cities, exercise grounds, and an infinity of other such things ," and that he was an inveterate experimentalist in technical matters.

The spacing between holes was 12. 7 mm, or 1 / 2 inch, the hole diameter was 4. 3 mm, or 1 / 6 inch.

Many transit agencies have developed guidelines for preferred bus stop spacing.

Around the time of the Second World War, CCC developed a proportional spacing model of the Flexowriter known as The Presidential ( or sometimes the President ).

The floating bridge concept is common to the Fender floating tremolo developed for the Jazzmaster, but on the Mustang the saddles have only a single string slot, while on other Fender guitars there are multiple slots to allow limited adjustment of the string spacing.

For Shimano and SRAM the cassette spacing developed as follows.

Even the spacing of a = 30 cm has nothing to do with human ear distance, because a useful microphone system for a set of stereo loudspeakers should be developed and not for ear phones.

Generally an acoustic guitar gives a limited response for varying reasons, including the density and spacing of the guitar strings.

The spacing of the molybdenum and silicon layers on each telescope's mirror is the primary determinant of the telescope's photon energy response function.

These cause severe spacing problems due to length and these words being used as units ( hence closely associated to the preceding figure ).

However, some CD-ROM drives and players have problems reading these CDs, mostly because the groove spacing is outside specifications and the player's laser servo is unable to track it.

The system requires an elliptical antenna of at least 45x60cm in size with a special LNB pair built as one unit to accommodate the narrow 3. 8 ° spacing between satellites ; the receiver uses the Motorola-proprietary Digicipher II system which has so far been virtually free of the problems with pirate decryption that have plagued other providers such as rival Bell TV.

The later pin grid array and ball grid array packages, by allowing connections to be made over the area of the package and not just around the edges, allowed for higher pin counts with similar package sizes, and reduced the problems with close lead spacing.

Concrete problems caused by spacing and joint issues has caused maintenance headaches.

They also suggest teaching the students cursive writing as it has fewer reversible letters and can help lessen spacing problems, at least within words, because cursive letters are generally attached within a word.

Upon the completion of each gear tooth, the gear blank was indexed to a new position to mill the next tooth, which could lead to problems in accurate spacing of gear teeth and the shaping of the individual teeth.

* Class I: Neutrocclusion Here the molar relationship of the occlusion is normal or as described for the maxillary first molar, but the other teeth have problems like spacing, crowding, over or under eruption, etc.

Bragg diffraction may be carried out using either light of very short wavelength like x-rays or matter waves like neutrons ( and electrons ) whose wavelength is on the order of ( or much smaller than ) the atomic spacing.

In the case of Young's double slit experiment, this would mean that if the transverse coherence length is smaller than the spacing between the two slits, the resulting pattern on a screen would look like two single slit diffraction patterns.

Also, the space between notes on the fingerboard is large due to the scale length and string spacing, so players have to shift positions frequently.

Incremental reading is based on psychological principles of long-term memory storage and retrieval, in particular the spacing effect.

Many of these lasers actually lase in several longitudinal modes at the same time, and beats between the slightly different optical frequencies of those oscillations will in fact produce amplitude variations on time scales shorter than the round-trip time ( the reciprocal of the frequency spacing between modes ), typically a few nanoseconds or less.

For the normal Mercator projection ( on the ellipsoid ) this function defines the spacing of the parallels: if the length of the equator on the projection is E ( units of length or pixels ) then the distance, y, of a parallel of latitude φ from the equator is

With guidance by molecular theory, the dependence of viscoelastic properties on these variables can be simplified by introducing additional concepts such as the free volume, the monomeric friction coefficient, and the spacing between entanglement loci, to provide a qualitative understanding and in many cases a quantitative prediction of how to achieve desired physical and chemical properties and ultimate microstructure.

Human characters in both The Sontaran Experiment and The Sontaran Stratagem comment on how closely individual Sontarans resemble one another ; however, it should be noted that their height, skin tone, facial features, vocal timbre and accent, hair, spacing of teeth and even number of fingers have varied from story to story, and sometimes within stories.

Maximum efficiency comes in this system when the inter-disk spacing approximates the thickness of the boundary layer, and since boundary layer thickness is dependent on viscosity and pressure, the claim that a single design can be used efficiently for a variety of fuels and fluids is incorrect.

Based on the spacing of the six preserved knobs in this specimen, the authors suggested that Velociraptor bore 14 secondaries ( wing feathers stemming from the forearm ), compared with 12 or more in Archaeopteryx, 18 in Microraptor, and 10 in Rahonavis.

Depending on the application, the spacing h may be variable or constant.

The directions of these beams depend on the spacing of the grating and the wavelength of the light so that the grating acts as the dispersive element.

The groove period must be on the order of the wavelength of interest ; the spectral range covered by a grating is dependent on groove spacing and is the same for ruled and holographic gratings with the same grating constant.

The necessity of laying out all of the leads in a basically radial pattern in a single plane from the die perimeter to two rows on the periphery of the package is the main reason that DIP packages with higher lead counts must have wider spacing between the lead rows, and it effectively limits the number of leads which a practical DIP package may have.

Row spacing varies depending on lead counts, with 0. 3 in.

Brittain attributes this to Heaviside's failure to provide engineering details on the size and spacing of the coils for particular cable parameters.

Its value depends on the measurement conditions that need to be documented, whereas the IP according to definition is mostly unambiguous ; although there is some dependency on frequency and tone spacing, depending on the physics of the device-under-test.

They are annulated, although the annulation may be difficult to discern on account of their close spacing (~ 0. 2mm ) and low relief.

This can be done with separate subwoofer enclosures positioned front to back with a spacing between them of one-quarter wavelength of the target frequency, the frequency that is least wanted on stage or most desired in the audience.

Users of the PageMaker-LaserWriter-Macintosh 512K system endured frequent software crashes, cramped display on the Mac's tiny 512 x 342 1-bit monochrome screen, the inability to control letter spacing, kerning ( the addition or removal of space between individual characters in a piece of typeset text to improve its appearance or alter its fit ) and other typographic features, and discrepancies between the screen display and printed output.