What is the history of criticism but the history of men attempting to make sense of the manifold elements in art that will not allow themselves to be reduced to a single philosophy or a single aesthetic theory??

Accordingly, it is the aim of this essay to advance a new theory of imitation ( which I shall call mimesis in order to distinguish it from earlier theories of imitation ) and a new theory of invention ( which I shall call symbol for reasons to be stated hereafter ).

The central concern of Erich Auerbach's impressive volume called Mimesis is to describe the shift from a classic theory of imitation ( based upon a recognition of levels of truth ) to a Christian theory of imitation in which the levels are dissolved.

And it is clearly argued by Lord Percy of Newcastle, in his remarkable long essay, The Heresy Of Democracy, and in a more general way by Voegelin, in his New Science Of Politics, that this same Rousseauan idea, descending through European democracy, is the source of Marx's theory of the dictatorship of the proletariat.

Thus, in no ordinary sense of ' simplicity ' is the Ptolemaic theory simpler than the Copernican.

Analogously, anyone who argues that Einstein's theory of gravitation is simpler than Newton's, must say rather more to explain how it is that the latter is mastered by student-physicists, while the former can be managed ( with difficulty ) only by accomplished experts.

In a sense, Einstein's theory is simpler than Newton's, and there is a corresponding sense in which Copernicus' theory is simpler than Ptolemy's.

The strongest appeal of the Copernican formulation consisted in just this: ideally, the justification for dealing with special problems in particular ways is completely set out in the basic ' rules ' of the theory.

My reply is that I associate myself with all those who affirm that Gentile-Jewish relations should contribute to the theory and practice of human dignity.

Finally we may note that the idea appears in educational theory where its influence is at present widespread.

The point is that an ethical critic, with an assist from Freud, can seize on this theory to argue that tragedy provides us with a harmless outlet for our hostile urges.

In his study Samuel Johnson, Joseph Wood Krutch takes this line when he says that what Aristotle really means by his theory of catharsis is that our evil passions may be so purged by the dramatic ritual that it is `` less likely that we shall indulge them through our own acts ''.

But beginning, for all practical purposes, with Frederick Seebohm's English Village Community scholars have had to reckon with a theory involving institutional and agrarian continuity between Roman and Anglo-Saxon times which is completely at odds with the reigning concept of the Anglo-Saxon invasions.

that theory was and is sound.

As probability theory is used in quite diverse applications, terminology is not uniform and sometimes confusing.

Neil Perry gave Album a positive review in the NME: " This is a wonderful, stunning and equally confusing record, and working on the theory that you'd never expect to hear the Lydon sneer backed by prime metal riffing, that's exactly what you get.

This thought experiment was interpreted by some as a serious proposal or even a theory ; advocates for intersexual people stated that this theory was wrong, confusing and unhelpful to the interests of intersexual people.

A much more difficult and confusing situation would arise if we could, some day, establish a theory of the phenomena of consciousness, or of biology, which would be as coherent and convincing as our present theories of the inanimate world.

Saussure ’ s theory has been criticised, for instance for confusing words as sound-patterns with words as signs.

Polish economist Michał Kalecki emphasized the centrality of the distinction of stocks and flows, caustically calling economics " the science of confusing stocks with flows " in his critique of the quantity theory of money ( circa 1936, frequently quoted by Joan Robinson ).

Penn controversially and falsely depicts McCandless confusing the seeds of H. alpinum with those of his claimed, but disproven to be, toxic H. mackenzii ; whereas, Krakauer revised his theory and claimed that McCandless died because he had ingested seeds that were infected with a particular type of mold, which has yet to be proven by any scientific evidence ( see " Summary " above ).

Over the years, he has written a series of well-known textbooks that provide accurate summaries of the latest advances in archaeological method and theory and world prehistory These are designed for beginners and avoid both confusing jargon and major theoretical discussion, which is inappropriate at this basic level.

Thomas Duffus Hardy identified him with Gervase of Chichester, but William Stubbs argued against this theory, as also against confusing him with Gervase of Melkeley.

The goal of media richness theory is to cope with communication challenges facing organizations, such as unclear or confusing messages, or conflicting interpretations of messages.

Initial attempts in the United States in the early 1970s were generally based on sociological theory and focused on the function of women characters in particular film narratives or genres and of stereotypes as a reflection of a society's view of women.

Although the statement of the theory in terms of graphs may imply perturbation theory, use of graphical methods in the many-body problem shows that this formalism is flexible enough to deal with phenomena of nonperturbative characters ...

Rawls asks us to imagine ourselves behind a veil of ignorance that denies us all knowledge of our personalities, social statuses, moral characters, wealth, talents and life plans, and then asks what theory of justice we would choose to govern our society when the veil is lifted, if we wanted to do the best that we could for ourselves.

Like Packman, George Duckworth uses the scene headings in the manuscripts to support his theory about unnamed Plautine characters.

Ordinary character theory provides better arithmetic control, and uses simple CG modules to understand the structure of finite groups G. Modular representation theory uses Brauer characters to view modules as formal sums of simple modules, but is also interested in how those simple modules are joined together within composition series.

One arguing from the theory of suspension of disbelief would contend that while Superman's abilities and vulnerabilities are the foundational premises the audience accepted as their part of the initial deal ; they did not accept a persistent inability for otherwise normal characters to recognize a close colleague solely because of minor changes in clothing.

Kripke's possible worlds theory has been used by narratologists ( beginning with Pavel and Dolezel ) to understand " reader's manipulation of alternative plot developments, or the characters ' planned or fantasized alternative action series ," has become especially useful in the analysis of hyperfiction.

One theory is that it derived from the pronunciation of the Chinese characters 兩節棍 ( a type of traditional Chinese two section staff ) in a Southern Fujian dialect of the Chinese language.

His later lectures formulate such a theory of tragedy as a conflict of ethical forces, represented by characters, in ancient Greek tragedy, but in Shakespearean tragedy the conflict is rendered as one of subject and object, of individual personality which must manifest self-destructive passions because only such passions are strong enough to defend the individual from a hostile and capricious external world:

The action of Arcadia and the characters within it reflect this theory ; everything is gradually dispersing into a state of chaos and entropy ( represented by the final scene ), and yet within that chaos, order can be found.

The characters attempt to define the order of the world through their ideas and theories, and they are continually overturned ( as with Bernard's theory ).

An alternative Chinese theory expounded in certain dictionaries states that the word " ketchup " derives from a Chinese word composed of two characters ( 茄汁, Cantonese ( Jyutping ): ke2 zap1, Minnan / Southern Hokkien: ga1 zap7, Teochew: giê5 zab4 / kiê5 tsap4, corresponding to Mandarin ( Pinyin ) jiā zhī ) based on Southern Chinese dialects, which means " tomato sauce.

Such elements include the essential idea of narrative structure, with identifiable beginnings, middles and endings, or exposition-development-climax-resolution-denouement, normally constructed into coherent plot lines ; a strong focus on temporality, which includes retention of the past, attention to present action, and protention / future anticipation ; a substantial focus on characters and characterization which is " arguably the most important single component of the novel "; a given heterogloss of different voices dialogically at play – " the sound of the human voice, or many voices, speaking in a variety of accents, rhythms and registers "; possesses a narrator or narrator-like voice, which by definition " addresses " and " interacts with " reading audiences ( see Reader Response theory ); communicates with a Wayne Booth-esque rhetorical thrust, a dialectic process of interpretation, which is at times beneath the surface, conditioning a plotted narrative, and other at other times much more visible, " arguing " for and against various positions ; relies substantially on now-standard aesthetic figuration, particularly including the use of metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche and irony ( see Hayden White, Metahistory for expansion of this idea ); is often enmeshed in intertextuality, with copious connections, references, allusions, similarities, parallels, etc.

For example, Posidonius considered the climate of Arabia and the life-giving strength of the sun, tides ( taken from his book on the oceans ), and climatic theory to explain people ’ s ethnic or national characters.

Two of the excited states are of the same symmetry, and, based on the group theory, they could mix with each other so that there are no pure σ and π characters in the two t < sub > 1u </ sub > states, but for t < sub > 2u </ sub >, there would be no intermixing.

In any case an Ogdoad 7 + 1 would have been inconsistent with a theory an essential part of which was the coupling its characters in pairs, male and female.

Though fate alone guides characters ' actions in Greek tragedies, O ' Neill's characters have motivations grounded in 1930s-era psychological theory as well.

In mathematics, a root of unity, or de Moivre number, is any complex number that equals 1 when raised to some integer power n. Roots of unity are used in many branches of mathematics, and are especially important in number theory, the theory of group characters, field theory, and the discrete Fourier transform.

In number theory, Dirichlet characters are certain arithmetic functions which arise from completely multiplicative characters on the units of.