What is the history of criticism but the history of men attempting to make sense of the manifold elements in art that will not allow themselves to be reduced to a single philosophy or a single aesthetic theory??

Accordingly, it is the aim of this essay to advance a new theory of imitation ( which I shall call mimesis in order to distinguish it from earlier theories of imitation ) and a new theory of invention ( which I shall call symbol for reasons to be stated hereafter ).

The central concern of Erich Auerbach's impressive volume called Mimesis is to describe the shift from a classic theory of imitation ( based upon a recognition of levels of truth ) to a Christian theory of imitation in which the levels are dissolved.

And it is clearly argued by Lord Percy of Newcastle, in his remarkable long essay, The Heresy Of Democracy, and in a more general way by Voegelin, in his New Science Of Politics, that this same Rousseauan idea, descending through European democracy, is the source of Marx's theory of the dictatorship of the proletariat.

Thus, in no ordinary sense of ' simplicity ' is the Ptolemaic theory simpler than the Copernican.

Analogously, anyone who argues that Einstein's theory of gravitation is simpler than Newton's, must say rather more to explain how it is that the latter is mastered by student-physicists, while the former can be managed ( with difficulty ) only by accomplished experts.

In a sense, Einstein's theory is simpler than Newton's, and there is a corresponding sense in which Copernicus' theory is simpler than Ptolemy's.

The strongest appeal of the Copernican formulation consisted in just this: ideally, the justification for dealing with special problems in particular ways is completely set out in the basic ' rules ' of the theory.

My reply is that I associate myself with all those who affirm that Gentile-Jewish relations should contribute to the theory and practice of human dignity.

Finally we may note that the idea appears in educational theory where its influence is at present widespread.

The point is that an ethical critic, with an assist from Freud, can seize on this theory to argue that tragedy provides us with a harmless outlet for our hostile urges.

In his study Samuel Johnson, Joseph Wood Krutch takes this line when he says that what Aristotle really means by his theory of catharsis is that our evil passions may be so purged by the dramatic ritual that it is `` less likely that we shall indulge them through our own acts ''.

But beginning, for all practical purposes, with Frederick Seebohm's English Village Community scholars have had to reckon with a theory involving institutional and agrarian continuity between Roman and Anglo-Saxon times which is completely at odds with the reigning concept of the Anglo-Saxon invasions.

that theory was and is sound.

This can only be for one of two reasons: either the two are quite different and will require totally different theory ( and hence techniques ), or our existing theories are insufficiently general.

A state, the highest form of human organization in fact and theory, could be subjected to Law only by a manifestation of self-will, or consent.

It appeared that the theory could be saved in one way only.

Unless one takes refuge in the theory -- however disguised -- that Negroes are, somehow, different from white people, I do not see how one can escape the conclusion that the Negro's status in this country is not only a cruel injustice but a grave national liability.

The social exchange theory postulates that altruism only exists when benefits outweigh costs.

The exact number and placement of Endosymbiotic theory | endosymbiotic events is currently unknown, so this diagram can be taken only as a general guide It represents the most parsimonious way of explaining the three types of endosymbiotic origins of plastids.

In theory it can occur only in nuclei somewhat heavier than nickel ( element 28 ), where overall binding energy per nucleon is no longer a minimum, and the nuclides are therefore unstable toward spontaneous fission-type processes.

Also, as we now know, bosons also have antiparticles, but since bosons do not obey the Pauli exclusion principle ( only fermions do ), hole theory does not work for them.

In quantum field theory, this process is allowed only as an intermediate quantum state for times short enough that the violation of energy conservation can be accommodated by the uncertainty principle.

But this extremely ingenious theory would at most explain only the mystic word Abracadabra, whose connection with Abrasax is by no means certain.

The Gaussian theory, however, is only true so long as the angles made by all rays with the optical axis ( the symmetrical axis of the system ) are infinitely small, i. e. with infinitesimal objects, images and lenses ; in practice these conditions are not realized, and the images projected by uncorrected systems are, in general, ill defined and often completely blurred, if the aperture or field of view exceeds certain limits.

Consequently the Gaussian theory only supplies a convenient method of approximating to reality ; and no constructor would attempt to realize this unattainable ideal.

Bundle theory, originated by the 18th century Scottish philosopher David Hume, is the ontological theory about objecthood in which an object consists only of a collection ( bundle ) of properties, relations or tropes.

However, the argument concludes that the conceptual challenge of bare particulars leaves a bundle of properties and nothing more as the only possible conception of an object, thus justifying bundle theory.

The choice between the two definitions usually matters only in very formal contexts, like category theory.

Remaining issues, such as the cuspy halo problem and the dwarf galaxy problem of cold dark matter, are not fatal to the dark matter explanation as solutions to such problems exist which involve only further refinements of the theory.

The BCS theory, however, requires only that the potential be attractive, regardless of its origin.

According to this theory, the cycle of philosophical upheavals that in part drove the diversification of Buddhism into its many schools and sects only began once Buddhists began attempting to make explicit the implicit philosophy of the Buddha and the early suttas.

In complexity theory, the satisfiability problem ( SAT ) is a decision problem, whose instance is a Boolean expression written using only AND, OR, NOT, variables, and parentheses.

Paracelsus ( 1493 – 1541 ), for example, rejected the 4-elemental theory, and with only a vague understanding of his chemicals and medicines formed a hybrid of alchemy and science in what was to be called iatrochemistry.

Claude Shannon proved, using information theory considerations, that any theoretically unbreakable cipher must have keys which are at least as long as the plaintext, and used only once: one-time pad.

Charles Darwin proposed the theory of universal common descent through an evolutionary process in On the Origin of Species, twice stating the hypothesis that there was only one progenitor for all life forms and ending with " There is a grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one ".

Chomsky argued that in order to explain language, we needed a theory like generative grammar, which not only attributed internal representations but characterized their underlying order.

Having outlined an approach to the theory and practice of preventive casework, we now address ourselves to our final question: What place should brief, crisis-oriented preventive casework occupy in our total spectrum of services??

In these circumstances, since what was expressed by the remark when first made is, on the theory before us, simply absent, the remark now expresses nothing.

Although originally controversial, the axiom of choice is now used without reservation by most mathematicians, and it is included in ZFC, the standard form of axiomatic set theory.

A unified interpretation of antiparticles is now available in quantum field theory, which solves both these problems.

Algebraic geometry now finds application in statistics, control theory, robotics, error-correcting codes, phylogenetics and geometric modelling.

In 1929, Mojżesz Presburger showed that the theory of natural numbers with addition and equality ( now called Presburger arithmetic in his honor ) is decidable and gave an algorithm that could determine if a given sentence in the language was true or false.

The discovery and elucidation of aberration is now regarded as a classic case of the application of scientific method, in which observations are made to test a theory, but unexpected results are sometimes obtained that in turn lead to new discoveries.

Link Grammar is both a theory of syntax and an open source parser which is now developed by the AbiWord project.

Bioinformatics now entails the creation and advancement of databases, algorithms, computational and statistical techniques and theory to solve formal and practical problems arising from the management and analysis of biological data.

Although now debated, this theory has been the scholarly consensus for many centuries.

Many historians now hold the position that blitzkrieg was not a military theory, and the campaigns conducted by the German military in 1939 to circa, 1942 ( with the exception of Operation Barbarossa ) were improvised invasions put together and modified at the last moment and therefore was not a proper military strategy.

Originally a part of number theory and analysis, it is now considered a part of combinatorics or an independent field.

Physical cosmology, as it is now understood, began with the twentieth century development of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity and better astronomical observations of extremely distant objects.

Russian physicist Lev Landau used the idea for the Fermi liquid theory wherein low energy properties of interacting fermion systems were given in terms of what are now known as Landau-quasiparticles.

The naming of various substances now known as elements precedes the atomic theory of matter, as names were given locally by various cultures to various minerals, metals, compounds, alloys, mixtures, and other materials, although at the time it was not known which chemicals were elements and which compounds.

General category theory, an extension of universal algebra having many new features allowing for semantic flexibility and higher-order logic, came later ; it is now applied throughout mathematics.

Categorical logic is now a well-defined field based on type theory for intuitionistic logics, with applications in functional programming and domain theory, where a cartesian closed category is taken as a non-syntactic description of a lambda calculus.

The Heitler-London method forms the basis of what is now called valence bond theory.

The notion of cardinality, as now understood, was formulated by Georg Cantor, the originator of set theory, in 1874 – 1884.

C *- algebras are now an important tool in the theory of unitary representations of locally compact groups, and are also used in algebraic formulations of quantum mechanics.

Haug's concept was subsequently disseminated as a Parsi interpretation, thus corroborating Haug's theory and the idea became so popular that it is now almost universally accepted as doctrine.

Marxist theory allows for the possibility that Labour content can serve as a common means of valuing capital goods, a position now out of favour with economists following the success of the theory of marginal utility.