When Thomas Hobbes wrote that " the Papacy is no other than the ghost of the deceased Roman Empire sitting crowned upon the grave thereof ", he was promulgating an enormously important truth.

An early professed empiricist, Thomas Hobbes, known as an eccentric denizen of the court of Charles II of England ( an " old bear "), published in 1651 Leviathan, a political treatise written during the English civil war, containing an early manifesto in English of rationalism.

Entering the University of Leiden he took his degree in philosophy in 1689, with a dissertation De distinctione mentis a corpore ( on the difference of the mind from the body ), in which he attacked the doctrines of Epicurus, Thomas Hobbes and Spinoza.

Later, when Watterson was creating names for the characters in his comic strip, he allegedly decided upon Calvin ( after the Protestant reformer John Calvin ) and Hobbes ( after the social philosopher Thomas Hobbes ) as a " tip of the hat " to the political science department at Kenyon.

" There seems to be little doubt that this could only be John Calvin and Thomas Hobbes, respectively.

This idea was already rejected as untenable by John Calvin ( 1509 – 1564 ), and by the time of Thomas Hobbes ( 1588 – 1679 ) it was recognised that the book must have been written much later than the period it depicted.

Hedonism, for example, teaches that this feeling is pleasure — either one's own, as in egoism ( the 17th-century English philosopher Thomas Hobbes ), or everyone's, as in universalistic hedonism, or utilitarianism ( the 19th-century English philosophers Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, and Henry Sidgwick ), with its formula of the " greatest pleasure of the greatest number.

Classical liberals agreed with Thomas Hobbes that government had been created by individuals to protect themselves from one another.

Hayek conceded that the national labels did not exactly correspond to those belonging to each tradition: Hayek saw the Frenchmen Montesquieu, Constant and Tocqueville as belonging to the " British tradition " and the British Thomas Hobbes, Priestley, Richard Price and Thomas Paine as belonging to the " French tradition ".

* 1679 – Thomas Hobbes, English philosopher ( b. 1588 )

Thomas Hobbes – a 17th century deist and important influence on subsequent deists – used the cosmological argument for the existence of God at several places in his writings.

Other philosophers, such as Thomas Hobbes and David Gauthier, have argued that the conflicts which arise when people each pursue their own ends can be resolved for the best of each individual only if they all voluntarily forgo some of their aims — that is, one's self-interest is often best pursued by allowing others to pursue their self-interest as well so that liberty is equal among individuals.

* Thomas Hobbes

* Hobbes, Thomas, 1968, Leviathan, C. B. Macpherson ( ed.

Philosophers associated with empiricism include Aristotle, Alhazen, Avicenna, Ibn Tufail, Robert Grosseteste, William of Ockham, Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, Robert Boyle, John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume, Leopold von Ranke, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Popper.

Thomas Hobbes and Baruch Spinoza, in the next generation, are often also described as an empiricist and a rationalist respectively.

When was a " base sycophant " loved and honoured by piety such as that of Herbert, Tennison, and Rawley, by noble spirits like Hobbes, Ben Jonson, and Selden, or followed to the grave, and beyond it, with devoted affection such as that of Sir Thomas Meautys.

Aubrey has been criticised for his evident credulousness in this and other works ; on the other hand, he knew Thomas Hobbes, Bacon's fellow-philosopher and friend.

A moral philosopher who produced alternatives to the ideas of Thomas Hobbes, one of his major contributions to world thought was the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words, " the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers ".

# REDIRECT Thomas Hobbes

While it was once thought that Locke wrote the Treatises to defend the Glorious Revolution of 1688, recent scholarship has shown that the work was composed well before this date, and it is now viewed as a more general argument against absolute monarchy ( particularly as espoused by Robert Filmer and Thomas Hobbes ) and for individual consent as the basis of political legitimacy.

Thomas Hobbes was an English Age of Enlightenment | Enlightenment scholar

In his Leviathan of 1651, Thomas Hobbes referred to it as the English Translation made in the beginning of the Reign of King James.

Victorian Premier James Munro, for example, fled the colony to escape his creditors in 1890, and Queensland Premier Sir Thomas McIlwraith was notoriously corrupt.

This came after his chafing under the notoriously difficult Weisinger, to a point, Thomas said in 1981, that he would go " home to my dingy little room at, coincidentally, the George Washington Hotel in Manhattan, during that second week, and actually feeling tears well into my eyes, at the ripe old age of 24.

She is notoriously hellish to her single-parent father, entertainment agent Steve Thomas, especially with her drug dealing boyfriend, Nolan.

He interrogated corrupt police Commissioner John McClave, the notoriously brutal Inspector Alexander S. Williams and Superintendent Thomas F. Byrnes, the former head of the New York City Detective Bureau noted for giving his prisoners the " Third Degree.

Following instructions from London to achieve economies, Governor Thomas Gore Brown ( 1851 – 1856 ) further reduced the civil establishment.

In 1995, university president Thomas H. Jackson announced the launch of a " Renaissance Plan " for The College that, among several changes, reduced enrollment and created a more selective admissions process.

In his quest for support, Thomas presented himself as the champion of the poor, reduced taxation, and concluded an alliance with Al-Ma ' mun of the Abbasid Caliphate, having himself crowned Emperor by the Patriarch of Antioch Job.

Reportedly after eight years he had read over 22, 000 books and manuscripts, a figure reduced to about 7, 000 in seven years by Thomas Young.

An existing Jacobean house was entirely rebuilt by Thomas Watson-Wentworth, 1st Marquess of Rockingham ( 1693 – 1750 ), and then reduced to the status of a mere wing by the immense scale of the new great addition made by his son the 2nd Marquess, who was twice Prime Minister, and who established at Wentworth Woodhouse an important Whig powerhouse.

He provided some backing vocals for both The Other Side of Life and Sur La Mer ; however, multiple production considerations led Visconti to leave Thomas ' vocals off of the latter of these two albums, thereby further reducing the texture of their overall vocal sound, which had been rich four-part harmonies, then went down to three, now reduced still further to just the more similar-sounding voices of Hayward and Lodge ( Lodge also providing falsetto vocals and high harmonies ), with Pinder and Thomas each having provided both lower-and higher-pitched vocal harmonies in the group's earlier vocal sound.

The architecture of the chapel is a reduced version of Christopher Wren's Thomas Tower at Christ Church College in Oxford.

The Iks, a people he used as example, were not longer able to hunt and pursue their forest lifestyle, and when forced to become farmers were reduced to playing cruel practical jokes on each other, revelling in each others ' errors and misfortunes, and squabbling in ways that reminded Thomas of the United Nations, i. e. not very united at all, and not reflective of a real ' society '.

Thomas Sutpen returns from the war and begins to repair his home, whose hundred square miles have been reduced by carpetbaggers and punitive northern action to one, and dynasty.

The land grants were greatly reduced, and Thomas ' contract was canceled, either over not having completed road construction on time or because he had not brought in the requisite number of settlers.

Some of the reforms, especially the elimination of caste status, reduced the Saint Thomas Christians ' standing with their socially stratified Hindu neighbors.

Thomas Edison ’ s lab books from the same period also indicate that he was thinking to coat patterns cellulose gum applied to linen paper with graphite powder to create what would have clearly been flexible circuits, though there is no evidence that it was reduced to practice.

The felony of buggery ( sodomy ), like all other felonies, carried a sentence of capital punishment by hanging, but Udall wrote an impassioned plea to his old friends from Cromwell's household Thomas Wriothesley and Sir Ralph Sadler ; then joint principal secretaries of state, and his sentence was reduced to just under a year in the Marshalsea prison.

Separated from his Catholic friends, Rastell does not seem to have been fully trusted by the opposite party, for in a letter to Thomas Cromwell, written probably in 1536, he says that he had spent his time in upholding the king's cause and opposing the pope, with the result that he had lost both his printing business and his legal practice, and was reduced to poverty.

Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions posits problem-solving as a key component of scientific practice, with the emphasis on truth or reality reduced, as he provides extensive examples of how our conceptions of reality have changed over time.

The M272 was instead built ( in much reduced form ) as the A335 Thomas Lewis Way.

Thomas Reedy was sentenced to 1, 335 years in prison, a sentence which was reduced to 180 years on appeal.

Neither his failure as an orator nor his defeat in a duel with Charles Thomas Floquet, then an elderly civilian and the minister of the interior, reduced the enthusiasm of his popular following.

The 1926 provincial election reduced the farmer-labour contingent to thirteen Progressive MLAs and one Labour MLA ( Homuth-who had broken with the Progressives and supported the government ) while two new UFO MLAs, Thomas Farquhar and Farquhar Oliver joined Oke's faction.

Hoagland has proposed a form of physics he calls " hyperdimensional physics " which, supported by the work of pseudoscientific overunity claimant Thomas E. Bearden, he claims to represent the full implementation of James Clerk Maxwell's original 20 quaternion equations, instead of the reduced Maxwell's equations as amended by Oliver Heaviside commonly taught today.

Both frigates were reduced to a wreck, and so parted ; the Magicienne to get to Jamaica a fortnight later ; the Sybille to be captured on 22 February 1783 by under Thomas McNamara Russell.

In March 1919, President Wilson, at the suggestion of Attorney General Thomas Watt Gregory, released or reduced the sentences of some two hundred prisoners convicted under the Espionage Act or the Sedition Act.

Major General Thomas H. Ruger, appointed Superintendent of West Point in 1871, reduced the amount of hazing of cadets by 1873 and made strong efforts to eradicate the " discreditable " practice.