To achieve this he believed that China must develop a " China-nationalism ," Zhonghua Minzu, as opposed to an " ethnic-nationalism ," so as to unite all of the different ethnicities of China, mainly composed by the five major groups of Han, Mongols, Tibetans, Manchus, and the Muslims ( such as the Uyghurs ), which together are symbolized by the Five Color Flag of the First Republic ( 1911 – 1928 ).

To achieve this he believed that China must develop a " national consciousness " so as to unite the Han in the face of imperialist aggression.

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