Most historians, including Edward Gibbon, date the defeat at Manzikert as the beginning of the end of the Eastern Roman Empire.

The statue, a gift to the United States from the people of France, is of a robed female figure representing Libertas, the Roman goddess of freedom, who bears a torch and a tablet evoking upon which is inscribed the date of the American Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776.

Roman control of Britain finally ended in the early part of the 5th century ; the date usually given as marking the end of Roman Britain is 410, when the Emperor Honorius sent letters to the British, urging them to look to their own defence.

Sources for events after this date are extremely scarce, but a tradition, reported as early as the mid-6th century by a British priest named Gildas, records that the British sent for help against the barbarians to Aetius, a Roman consul, probably in the late 440s.

The Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1909 ) called this confusion a " distortion of the true facts " and suggested that it arose because the " Liber Pontificalis ", which at this point may be registering a reliable tradition, says that this Felix built a church on the Via Aurelia, which is where the Roman martyr of an earlier date was buried.

European segmental arch bridges date back to at least the Alconétar Bridge ( approximately 2nd century AD ), while the enormous Roman era Trajan's Bridge ( 105 AD ) featured open-spandrel segmental arches in wooden construction.

These mostly range in date from the beginning of the Greek Bronze Age ( about 3200 BC ) to the reign of the Roman Emperor Constantine I in the 4th century AD.

The Roman Catholic Church did not commemorate Saint Cyril in the Tridentine Calendar: it added his feast only in 1882, assigning to it the date of 9 February.

In the 1969 revision of the Roman Catholic calendar of saints, it was decided to leave the celebration of the feast of St Peter of Verona to local calendars, because he was not as well known worldwide, and Saint Catherine's feast was restored to its traditional date of April 29.

The preserved remains of two monumental fountains that received the water from the spring date to the Archaic period and the Roman, with the later cut into the rock.

Because this Victorian cycle differed from the Alexandrian cycle in the dates of some of the Paschal Full Moons, and because it tried to respect the Roman custom of fixing Easter to the Sunday in the week of the 16th to the 22nd of the lunar month ( rather than the 15th to the 21st as at Alexandria ), by providing alternative " Latin " and " Greek " dates in some years, occasional disagreements from the date of Easter as fixed by Alexandrian rules continued.

Tombs identified as Etruscan date from the Villanovan period to about 100 BC, when presumably the cemeteries were abandoned in favor of Roman ones.

Cistae date from the Roman Republic of the 4th and 3rd centuries BC in Etruscan contexts.

Both the Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church recognise as ecumenical the first seven councils, held from the 4th to the 9th century ; but while the Eastern Orthodox Church accepts no later council or synod as ecumenical, the Roman Catholic Church continues to hold general councils of the bishops in full communion with the Pope, reckoning them as ecumenical, and counting in all, including the seven recognized by the Eastern Orthodox Church, twenty-one to date.

This early date, only a few decades after the departure of the Romans, also suggests that more of Roman civilization may have survived into Anglo-Saxon rule in Kent, than in other areas.

His Roman Catholic feast day of 9 June conforms to his date of death.

During the later years of the Roman Empire, the Germanic peoples of northern Europe grew in strength to rival the Empire itself, and repeated organized attacks led to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476, a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period, and the start of the middle ages.

This date marks the historical beginning of the Holy Roman Empire as a territory.

Rather than there being any convenient date for the " fall of the Roman Empire " there was a progressive " de-Romanization " of the Western Roman Empire in Hispania and a weakening of central authority, throughout the 3rd, 4th and 5th centuries.

* 1412 – Joan of Arc, French military figure and Roman Catholic Saint ( legendary date ) ( d. 1431 )

They commenced building a fort on August 15, 1537, the date of the Feast of the Assumption, and called it Asunción ( Nuestra Señora Santa María de la Asunción ).

London ( Londinium ), Exeter ( Isca Dumnoniorum ), Tripontium ( near modern Rugby ) and the fort of Manduessedum ( near modern Atherstone ) are founded ( approximate date ).

Whereas the first Dutch fort in Asia was built in 1600 ( in present-day Indonesia ), the first forts and settlements on the Essequibo river in Guyana and on the Amazon date from the 1590s.

The date of the wall at Coventina's Well is uncertain, but some have theorized that it was built sometime after the completion of the Roman fort ( dated between the years 128 and 133 ).

The official date of the establishment of the fort was June 11, 1857.

On that date, approximately 136 British marines and sailors under the command of Richard Coote ( or Coot ) rowed six boats from four British warships anchored in Long Island Sound, six miles up the Connecticut River, past the unmanned fort in Old Saybrook, arriving at the boat launch at the foot of Main Street in Essex close to 4 A. M.

Two companies of men led by Henry Lunt reached the fort site in a blizzard on November 11, 1851, making that date the official founding.

He had a reversionary grant date 5 July 1661, of the command of a troop of horse, and on 24 March 1662, he was made governor of the fort of Harbouling on the river Cork, @ six shillings a day.

It is likely that this natural feature was occupied at an early date, as a hill fort is located on Gowan Hill, immediately to the east.

The date and purpose of its construction are unknown, though it has been interpreted as a Saxon fort, a Norman Motte-and-bailey castle, or a place of public village assembly.

The Roman fort is believed to date from AD75-77.

Historians have hitherto attributed the resolution of this crisis to a ‘ secret promise ’ by the British Prime Minister Lord North that Britain would quietly evacuate the islands at some future date if the Spanish agreed to disavow their officers and restore the fort to Britain.

There are prehistoric fort sites at Kilmory, Papadil and Shellesder of uncertain date.

At a later date, the fort was converted into a prison.

The construction of the fort marked the official founding date of New York City as recognized by the Seal of New York City.

Maximus ( or his successors ) may have handed over control of the British frontiers to local chieftains at an earlier date ; with the evacuation of the fort at Chester ( which Mike Ashley, incidentally, argues is most likely where Cunedda established his initial base in the region, some years later ) in the 370s, he may have had little option.

The territory of modern-day Nalchik was inhabited by native Balkars and Kabardians as far back as 1743, but the modern city dates from the early 19th century when the expanding Russian Empire built a fort there in 1818 ; this date is seen at the top of the city's coat of arms.

The oldest mancala game boards were found in a ruined fort of Roman Egypt and date back to the 4th century AD.

Hill fort defences are visible round the main massif of Arthur's Seat at Dunsapie Hill and above Samson's Ribs, in the latter cases certainly of prehistoric date.

The gazebo at Elton on the Hill in Nottinghamshire, thought to date from the late 18th or early 19th century, is a square battlemented tower like a fort, part of an extensive system of red-brick walled gardens.

Most key archaeological sites in the region seem to show continued, undisturbed occupation from an early date, so their rise to power may have been gradual rather than a sudden, dramatic conquest, or it may be linked to the burning of the large hill fort at Castle Hill, Huddersfield, c. 430BC.

This was followed by a Roman " fortlet " dating to their conquest of Britain, which began in 43 AD, and a full-size Roman fort, or " castrum ", called Regulbium, which was started late in the 2nd century: this date is derived in part from a re-construction of a uniquely detailed plaque, fragments of which were found by archaeologists in the 1960s.