Eysenck argues in Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire that Freud's examples actually disprove his dream theory.

Other widely mentioned elements of a SLAPP are the actual effectiveness at silencing critics, the timing of the suit, inclusion of extra or spurious defendants ( such as relatives or hosts of legitimate defendants ), inclusion of plaintiffs with no real claim ( such as corporations that are affiliated with legitimate plaintiffs ), making claims that are very difficult to disprove or rely on no written record, ambiguous or deliberately mangled wording that lets plaintiffs make spurious allegations without fear of perjury, refusal to consider any settlement ( or none other than cash ), characterization of all offers to settle as insincere, extensive and unnecessary demands for discovery, attempts to identify anonymous or pseudonymous critics, appeals on minor points of law, demands for broad rulings when appeal is accepted on such minor points of law, and attempts to run up defendants ' costs even if this clearly costs more to the plaintiffs.

Some proponents claim a second benefit of increased employment or lower health care costs as the market and society adjust to the new fiscal policy ( these claims, as with the claim " tax cuts create jobs ," are often difficult to prove or disprove even after the fact ).

The producer of the program replied in detail and explicitly denied these allegations: " The segment did not claim that chiropractic is fraudulent and did not attempt to prove or disprove that chiropractic " works ," but it does state that chiropractic has no basis in science.

While it is likely that Western would have been contracted to make some of The Wizard of Ozs many costumes, no records of the original slippers exist to either validate or disprove their claim.

Lovelock and other Gaia-supporting scientists, however, did attempt to disprove the claim that the theory is not scientific because it is impossible to test it by controlled experiment.

It is claimed that he was present at the Battle of Seneffe that year, and that he rescued the young Prince when his horse fell in marshy ground although there is little evidence to support, or disprove this claim.

it later showed another documentary containing documents that disprove the claim.

His followers ' belief was so strong that his successor as parish priest had Mason's corpse exhumed to disprove his claim of resurrection.

However, the Anchorage Daily News was unable to find any conclusive information to support or disprove this claim.

Where appropriate, pages are generally marked " undetermined " or " unverifiable " if the Mikkelsons feel there is not enough evidence to either support or disprove a given claim.

William of Tyre went so far as to claim that al-Ḥākim's destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in 1009 was due to his eagerness to disprove taunts that he was a Christian born of a Christian woman.

To disprove this claim, the Indonesian army conducted large-scale raids into the cities of Jogyakarta and Surakarta, called Serangan Oemoem.

Two concepts are often cited to disprove Saussure ’ s claim, however, he provides reasons as to why these concepts are irrelevant.

The resulting photographs were so sharp, that they were able to disprove Percival Lowell's claim of geometrical canals on the planet's surface.

Einstein wants to disprove his mother-in-law's claim that he is just a " bum ".

However, the Anchorage Daily News was unable to find conclusive information to support or disprove this claim.

The court of appeal found that the prosecution had led no evidence to disprove Carroll's claim that he was not in Ipswich at the time of the death, that the evidence relating to Carroll's propensity to bite children's legs was prejudicial and inadmissible and that a jury must have entertained a reasonable doubt as to the odontological evidence presented by the prosecution.

" The release of Bohr's letters disprove that claim, showing that Heisenberg had not come to elicit information from Bohr and did not even want to discuss the technical issues of building a bomb:

If the claim was for redundancy and not unfair dismissal then the burden would be on the employer to disprove redundancy.

In addition, the emphasis that Ritter placed on the influence of the Enlightenment and " orderly reason " on Fredrick were intended by Ritter to quietly disprove Hitler's claim to be Frederick's successor.

These higher numbers were thought to disprove Monika ’ s claim that she gave her child a goodbye hug the previous day.

The Cuban government sent officials to Haiti to investigate, but found nothing to either prove or disprove the claim.

In 1994, a number of supermarkets began selling it as an American pie, leading Nigel Mackenzie to offer a £ 10, 000 prize to anyone who could disprove their claim by finding any published pre-1972 recipe for the pie.

Therefore, what we must prove or disprove is that there were Saxons, in the broad sense in which we must construe the word, in the area of the Saxon Shore at the time it was called the Saxon Shore.

Historically, it is of course impossible to prove or disprove that these records speak of the same flag, or if the flag of 1208 or 1219 ever existed.

As an unproven conjecture that eluded brilliant mathematicians ' attempts to either prove it or disprove it for generations, his statement became famous as Fermat's Last Theorem.

The study of comparative embryology aims to prove or disprove that vertebrate embryos of different classes ( e. g. mammals vs. fish ) follow a similar developmental path due to their common ancestry.

Set theory has come to play the role of a foundational theory in modern mathematics, in the sense that it interprets propositions about mathematical objects ( for example, numbers and functions ) from all the traditional areas of mathematics ( such as algebra, analysis and topology ) in a single theory, and provides a standard set of axioms to prove or disprove them.

In fact, although some claims may be true, it is impossible to prove or disprove them in rather natural contexts.

The other main type of science is experimental science, which is often said to work by conducting experiments to disprove hypotheses about the workings and causes of natural phenomena – note that this approach cannot prove a hypothesis is correct, since some later experiment may disprove it.

In the above, P is the proposition we wish to disprove respectively prove ; and S is a set of statements, which are the premises — these could be, for example, the axioms of the theory we are working in, or earlier theorems we can build upon.

Since 2004 the Discovery Channel TV show MythBusters tries to prove or disprove urban legends by attempting to reproduce them using the scientific method.

NEAR-Shoemaker did not prove or disprove this link to the satisfaction of scientists.

If an original manuscript, typewritten text, or recording is available, then the medium itself ( or its packaging — anything from a box to e-mail headers ) can help prove or disprove the authenticity of the document.

One of the tasks that remains for visual observers of double stars is to obtain sufficient observations to prove or disprove gravitational connection.

For example, Euclidean geometry without the parallel postulate is incomplete ; it is not possible to prove or disprove the parallel postulate from the remaining axioms.

Since two different people cannot have the same number, it is possible to prove or disprove the presence of a participant simply by looking up his or her number.

For example, the presumption of innocence places a legal burden upon the prosecution to prove all elements of the offense ( generally beyond a reasonable doubt ) and to disprove all the defenses except for affirmative defenses in which the proof of non-existence of all affirmative defense ( s ) is not constitutionally required of the prosecution.

Commensalism is harder to demonstrate than parasitism and mutualism, for it is easier to show a single instance whereby the host is affected, than it is to prove or disprove that possibility.

However, if provided a set of operating assumptions or constraints, a property checker can prove ( or disprove ) more properties, over the narrowed solution space.

* " Astrobiology Magazine ", " Cosmic Evolution " Section, " Getting WISE about Nemesis " 03 / 11 / 10, Author: Leslie Mullen, Article about Nemesis and Tyche theory, and how the WISE Sky Survey Mission may prove or disprove the theories.

IPN could neither conclusively prove nor disprove these accounts.

His son-in-law, Ernest Aubertin ( 1825 – 1893 ), began seeking out patients to either prove or disprove the theory, of which he found several in support of it.

In the United States the biblical archaeology movement, under the influence of Albright, counter-attacked, arguing that the broad outline within the framing narratives was also true, so that while scholars could not realistically expect to prove or disprove individual episodes from the life of Abraham and the other patriarchs, these were real individuals who could be placed in a context proven from the archaeological record.

Unlike the scientific method which relies on peer reviewed experiments which attempt to prove or disprove a falsifiable hypothesis, exploratory engineering relies on peer review, simulation and other methods employed by scientists, but applies them to some hypothetical artifact, a specific and detailed hypothesized design or process, rather than to an abstract model or theory.

Experiments have been conducted and found to both prove and disprove a force at very low pressure.