Mutualists, following Proudhon, originally considered themselves to be libertarian socialists.

The term libertarian socialism is used by some socialists to differentiate their philosophy from state socialism or by some as a synonym for left anarchism.

Accordingly, libertarian socialists believe that " the exercise of power in any institutionalized form — whether economic, political, religious, or sexual — brutalizes both the wielder of power and the one over whom it is exercised ".

Libertarian socialists generally place their hopes in decentralized means of direct democracy such as libertarian municipalism, citizens ' assemblies, trade unions and workers ' councils.

The term libertarian socialism is used by some socialists to differentiate their philosophy from state socialism or by some as a synonym for left anarchism.

Accordingly, libertarian socialists believe that " the exercise of power in any institutionalized form — whether economic, political, religious, or sexual — brutalizes both the wielder of power and the one over whom it is exercised ".

Libertarian socialists generally place their hopes in decentralized means of direct democracy such as libertarian municipalism, citizens ' assemblies, trade unions, and workers ' councils.

Twenty years after World War I was over, libertarian socialists were still strong enough to spearhead the social revolution that swept across Republican Spain in 1936 and 1937.

Many libertarian socialists argue that large-scale voluntary associations should manage industrial manufacture, while workers retain rights to the individual products of their labor.

Most libertarian socialists believe that when power is exercised, as exemplified by the economic, social, or physical dominance of one individual over another, the burden of proof is always on the authoritarian to justify their action as legitimate when taken against its effect of narrowing the scope of human freedom.

In lieu of corporations and states, libertarian socialists seek to organize society into voluntary associations ( usually collectives, communes, municipalities, cooperatives, commons, or syndicates ) that use direct democracy or consensus for their decision-making process.

Some libertarian socialists advocate combining these institutions using rotating, recallable delegates to higher-level federations.

Because libertarian socialism encourages exploration and embraces a diversity of ideas rather than forming a compact movement, there have arisen inevitable controversies over individuals who describe themselves as libertarian socialists but disagree with some of the core principles of libertarian socialism.

Some libertarian socialists see violent revolution as necessary in the abolition of capitalist society.

For " many Marxian libertarian socialists, the political bankruptcy of socialist orthodoxy necessitated a theoretical break.

In rejecting both capitalism and the state, some libertarian socialists align themselves with anarchists in opposition to both capitalist representative democracy and to authoritarian forms of Marxism.

In recent history, however, libertarian socialists have repeatedly formed temporary alliances with Marxist-Leninist groups for the purposes of protest against institutions they both reject.

This was the beginning of a long-running feud and schism between libertarian socialists and what they call " authoritarian communists ", or alternatively just " authoritarians ".

Several libertarian socialists, notably Noam Chomsky, believe that anarchism shares much in common with certain variants of Marxism such as the council communism of Marxist Anton Pannekoek.

Brown's conception of libertarian socialists is that all social bonds should be developed by individuals who have an equal amount of bargaining power, that an accumulation of economic power in the hands of a few and the centralization of political power both reduce the bargaining power — and thus the liberty of the other individuals in society.

Building primarily upon the early works of Karl Marx, Fromm sought to re-emphasise the ideal of freedom, missing from most Soviet Marxism, and more frequently found in the writings of libertarian socialists and liberal theoreticians.

In 1966, in a study of revolutionary socialism, Milorad M. Drachkovitch of the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace ( a conservative / libertarian think tank ), noted two tactical options which divided late 19th century and early 20th century anarchists from socialists: electoral politics, which the socialists embraced, but anarchists generally opposed ; and, the general strike as a mechanism to prevent war, which anarchists supported, but socialists refused to endorse.

There are many other normative approaches to the philosophy of law, including critical legal studies and libertarian theories of law.

There are many other normative approaches to the philosophy of law, including critical legal studies and libertarian theories of law.

Sullivan criticized what he called the prohibitionist, liberationist, liberal, and conservative approaches to gay rights in favor of a more " classical liberal " or libertarian approach.

Philosophy in Korea was divided, by Western school, according to a kind of pragmatic mix of varied progressive libertarian beliefs in the south with highly variable changes from rigid authoritianism to softer and easier more pragmatic approaches from the 1990s onwards.

Although Carolla often supports social viewpoints traditionally dominated by liberal politicians, such as his support for abortion and the legalization of marijuana, his socio-political views tend to be largely conservative or libertarian.

Bookchin reports that at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th " it was in times of severe social repression and deadening social quiescence that individualist anarchists came to the foreground of libertarian activity – and then primarily as terrorists.

Although Kemp tried to appeal to the conservatives, his libertarian philosophies of tolerance and individual rights and his commitment to supporting minorities, women, blue-collar workers and organized labor clashed with conservative voters ' social and religious values.

Many of his novels have strong anarchist or libertarian themes, often promoting the idea that new technological advances render certain social conventions obsolete.

Early in the twentieth century, libertarian socialism was as powerful a force as social democracy and communism.

A key difference between libertarian socialism and capitalist libertarianism is that advocates of the latter generally believe that one's degree of freedom is affected by one's economic and social status, whereas advocates of the former focus on freedom of choice.

For example, Peter Hain interprets libertarian socialism as minarchist rather than anarchist, favoring radical decentralization of power without going as far as the complete abolition of the state and libertarian socialist Noam Chomsky supports dismantling all forms of unjustified social or economic power, while also emphasizing that state intervention should be supported as a temporary protection while oppressive structures remain in existence.

Various libertarian socialist authors have identified the written work of English Protestant social reformer Gerrard Winstanley and the social activism of his group, the Diggers, as anticipating this line of thought.

According to the libertarian Institute for Humane Studies, " the libertarian, or ' classical liberal ,' perspective is that individual well-being, prosperity, and social harmony are fostered by ' as much liberty as possible ' and ' as little government as necessary.

In this context, the contemporary American left is often considered individualist ( or libertarian ) on social / cultural issues and communitarian ( or populist ) on economic issues, while the contemporary American right is often considered communitarian ( or populist ) on social / cultural issues and individualist ( or libertarian ) on economic issues.

Pacifism covers a spectrum of views ranging from the belief that international disputes can and should be peacefully resolved ; to calls for the abolition of the institutions of the military and war ; to opposition to any organization of society through governmental force ( anarchist or libertarian pacifism ); to rejection of the use of physical violence to obtain political, economic or social goals ; to opposition to violence under any circumstance, including defense of self and others.

Pacifism covers a spectrum of views, including the belief that international disputes can and should be peacefully resolved, calls for the abolition of the institutions of the military and war, opposition to any organization of society through governmental force ( anarchist or libertarian pacifism ), rejection of the use of physical violence to obtain political, economic or social goals, the obliteration of force except in cases where it is absolutely necessary to advance the cause of peace, and opposition to violence under any circumstance, even defense of self and others.

In place of the static perfection of a utopia, libertarian transhumanists envision an " extropia ", an open, evolving society allowing individuals and voluntary groupings to form the institutions and social forms they prefer.

The group has disparate views of social policy: Thatcher herself was socially conservative and a practising Methodist but the free-market wing in the Conservative Party harbour a range of social opinions from the civil libertarian views of Michael Portillo, Daniel Hannan, Douglas Carswell and David Davis to the traditional conservatism of William Hague.

* A member or supporter of a libertarian organization ; see: List of libertarian organizations

* Reporting the Minimum Wage from The Cato Institute ( U. S. libertarian organization opposed to the minimum wage )

* The Economic Effects of Minimum Wages from Show-Me Institute ( U. S. libertarian organization opposed to the minimum wage )

In August 2011, the libertarian Reason Magazine worked with the Rupe organization to survey 1, 200 Americans by telephone.

The Federalist Society for Law & Public Policy Studies is an organization of conservative and libertarian lawyers and others dedicated to debate of these principles.

Historian Graham Kelsey also maintains that the anarchist collectives were primarily maintained through libertarian principles of voluntary association and organization, and that the decision to join and participate was generally based on a rational and balanced choice made after the destabilization and effective absence of capitalism as a powerful factor in the region.

Anarchists are committed to libertarian socialism and they have focused on local organization, including locally managed cooperatives, linked through confederations of unions, cooperatives and communities.

From 1997 to 2002 there was an organization called The Henry Hazlitt Foundation which actively promoted libertarian networking online, especially through its website Free-Market. Net.

This organization was named in honor of Hazlitt because he was known for introducing a wide range of people to libertarian ideas through his writing and for helping free-market advocates connect with each other.

The Ludwig von Mises Institute ( LvMI ), based in Auburn, Alabama, is an American libertarian academic organization engaged in research and scholarship in the fields of economics, philosophy and, political economy.

The Minaret of Freedom Institute is an Islamic libertarian organization established in 1993 and based in Bethesda, Maryland.

In August 2011, the libertarian Reason Magazine worked with the Rupe organization to survey 1, 200 Americans by telephone and place their views within Nolan chart based categories.

However he and Friedman did work together in supporting a national student organization devoted to libertarian ideas, the Intercollegiate Society of Individualists.

The Reason Foundation is an American libertarian research organization founded in 1968 that also publishes the magazine Reason.

The most prominent civil libertarian organization in the United States today is the American Civil Liberties Union.

* Ludwig von Mises Institute, a libertarian academic research organization

The Institute for Humane Studies ( IHS ) is a libertarian non-profit organization that offers educational and career programs.

It is currently the only active propertarian libertarian organization in Iceland.

Members of Action directe considered themselves libertarian communist who had formed an " urban guerrilla organization ".

The organization adopted syndicalism on libertarian principles.

* Democratic Alternative, Scandinavian libertarian municipalist organization